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Exploring the applicability of the UK Prescribing Safety Assessment with early career pharmacists as preparation before formal prescribing training.

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Τίτλος: Exploring the applicability of the UK Prescribing Safety Assessment with early career pharmacists as preparation before formal prescribing training.
Συγγραφείς: McMillan F; NHS Education for Scotland GB, Edinburgh, UK., Wakeling J; NHS Education for Scotland GB, Edinburgh, UK. Judy.Wakeling@nhs.scot., Inch J; NHS Education for Scotland GB, Edinburgh, UK., Zlotos L; NHS Education for Scotland GB, Edinburgh, UK., Maxwell S; University of Edinburgh GB, Edinburgh, UK., Cunningham S; University of New South Wales AU, Kensington, Australia., Boyter A; University of Strathclyde GB, Glasgow, UK., Power A; NHS Education for Scotland GB, Edinburgh, UK.
Πηγή: International journal of clinical pharmacy [Int J Clin Pharm] 2026 Jun; Vol. 48 (3), pp. 856-863. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 17.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101554912 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2210-7711 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Clin Pharm Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Dordrecht : Springer
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Pharmacists*/standards , Drug Prescriptions*/standards , Clinical Competence*, Practice Patterns, Pharmacists'/standards ; Humans ; Non-Medical Prescribing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom ; Patient Safety ; Scotland
Περίληψη: Introduction: Evidence shows that non-medical prescribing is as effective as medical prescribing in a range of acute and chronic conditions and is well accepted by a diverse range of key stakeholders. Pharmacists in the UK are set to acquire prescribing skills at an earlier stage in their training, with prescribing integrated into the first five years of training and the ability to prescribe from the point of registration from August 2026. Therefore, reliable and reproducible methods of assessing their ability to prescribe safely need to be in place. The UK Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA) could be a standard method to assess prescribing skills across professions.
Aim: To examine the performance of post-registration Foundation pharmacists in the PSA and to explore their views on its suitability as a development tool before enrolling on an independent prescribing (IP) course.
Method: Pharmacists in Scotland 12 months into the post-registration Foundation programme were invited to sit a 30-question, blueprint-aligned online PSA in September 2024. Mean scores and facility scores were determined. (Facility is a measurement of how easy a question is: higher facility index = question is considered easier; lower facility index = question is considered more difficult). An online evaluation questionnaire gathered feedback on content and appropriateness, analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Seventy-one of 128 (55.5%) eligible pharmacists sat the PSA; mean total score was 72.5% (SD 10.2). Domain-level mean scores (facility) were: Prescription Review 13.51/16 (0.84); Providing Information 4.96/6 (0.83); Dose Calculations 6.85/8 (0.86); Adverse Drug Reactions 6.51/8 (0.81); Drug Monitoring 5.61/8 (0.70); Planning Management 5.01/8 (0.63); Data Interpretation 3.41/6 (0.57); Prescription Writing 26.62/40 (0.67). The questionnaire was completed by 16/71 (22.5%) PSA sitters: most agreed the assessment was appropriate for their stage and helpful preparation for an IP course; some community pharmacists considered hospital-based content less relevant.
Conclusion: Formative participation in the UK PSA by post-registration Foundation pharmacists provided domain-level performance data and was regarded by respondents as useful preparation for an IP course. Findings suggest potential value in situating the PSA during the Foundation Training Year, with consideration of sector relevance and targeted support for domains such as prescription writing and data interpretation.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: According to the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee guidance, this work was classified as service evaluation/quality improvement and did not require formal ethics committee review. Consent to participate: All participants received study information in advance and provided informed consent prior to participation.
References: Stewart D, MacLure K, George J. Educating nonmedical prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(4):662–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04204.x . (PMID: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04204.x223003743477334)
Bates I, Bader LR, Galbraith K. A global survey on trends in advanced practice and specialisation in the pharmacy workforce. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020;28(2):173–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12611 . (PMID: 10.1111/ijpp.1261132176415)
Cope LC, Abuzour AS, Tully MP. Nonmedical prescribing: where are we now? Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2016;7(4):165–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098616646726 . (PMID: 10.1177/2042098616646726274937204959632)
Health and Social Care Act 2001. The National Archives on behalf of HM Government. 2001. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/15/section/63 . Accessed 16 Oct 2019.
Improving patients’ access to medicines, a guide to implement nurse and pharmacist independent prescribing within the NHS in England. Department of Health. 2006. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130124072757/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4133747.pdf . Accessed 16 Oct 2019.
Stewart D, Jebara T, Cunningham S, et al. Future perspectives on nonmedical prescribing. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2017;8(6):183–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617693546 . (PMID: 10.1177/2042098617693546286076685455843)
Weeks G, George J, Maclure K, et al. Non-medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD011227. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011227.pub2 . (PMID: 10.1002/14651858.CD011227.pub2278733226464275)
Jebara T, Cunningham S, MacLure K, et al. Stakeholders’ views and experiences of pharmacist prescribing: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):1883–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13624 . (PMID: 10.1111/bcp.13624298730986089831)
Standards for the initial education and training of pharmacists. General Pharmaceutical Council. 2021. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/sites/default/files/document/standards-for-the-initial-education-andtraining-of-pharmacists-january-2021.pdf . Accessed 11 Aug 2025.
Maxwell SRJ, Cameron IT, Webb DJ. Prescribing safety: ensuring that new graduates are prepared. Lancet. 2015;385(9968):579–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62339-4 . (PMID: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62339-425706071)
Dacre J. Independent review into the Prescribing Safety Assessment. 2023. https://prescribingsafetyassessment.ac.uk/resources/Independent_Review_Into_The_PSA.pdf . Accessed 11 Aug 2025.
Reid F, Power A, Stewart D, et al. Piloting the United Kingdom ‘Prescribing Safety Assessment’ with pharmacist prescribers in Scotland. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2018;14(1):62–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.12.009 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.12.00928089608)
Power A, Stewart D, Craig G, et al. Student and pre-registration pharmacist performance in a UK Prescribing Assessment. Int J Clin Pharm. 2022;44(1):100–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01317-z . (PMID: 10.1007/s11096-021-01317-z34495454)
Maguire M, Delahunt B. Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. AISHE-J. 2017;8(3) http://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335.
Maxwell SRJ, Coleman JJ, Bollington L, et al. <article-title update="added">Prescribing Safety Assessment 2016: delivery of a national prescribing assessment to 7343 UK final‐year medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:2249–58. (PMID: 10.1111/bcp.13319284493025595977)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Clinical competence; Drug; Education; Graduate; Patient safety; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; Prescriptions; United Kingdom
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260217 Date Completed: 20260708 Latest Revision: 20260708
Update Code: 20260708
PubMed Central ID: PMC13176045
DOI: 10.1007/s11096-025-02081-0
PMID: 41701302
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Introduction: Evidence shows that non-medical prescribing is as effective as medical prescribing in a range of acute and chronic conditions and is well accepted by a diverse range of key stakeholders. Pharmacists in the UK are set to acquire prescribing skills at an earlier stage in their training, with prescribing integrated into the first five years of training and the ability to prescribe from the point of registration from August 2026. Therefore, reliable and reproducible methods of assessing their ability to prescribe safely need to be in place. The UK Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA) could be a standard method to assess prescribing skills across professions.&lt;br /&gt;Aim: To examine the performance of post-registration Foundation pharmacists in the PSA and to explore their views on its suitability as a development tool before enrolling on an independent prescribing (IP) course.&lt;br /&gt;Method: Pharmacists in Scotland 12&#160;months into the post-registration Foundation programme were invited to sit a 30-question, blueprint-aligned online PSA in September 2024. Mean scores and facility scores were determined. (Facility is a measurement of how easy a question is: higher facility index = question is considered easier; lower facility index = question is considered more difficult). An online evaluation questionnaire gathered feedback on content and appropriateness, analysed using thematic analysis.&lt;br /&gt;Results: Seventy-one of 128 (55.5%) eligible pharmacists sat the PSA; mean total score was 72.5% (SD 10.2). Domain-level mean scores (facility) were: Prescription Review 13.51/16 (0.84); Providing Information 4.96/6 (0.83); Dose Calculations 6.85/8 (0.86); Adverse Drug Reactions 6.51/8 (0.81); Drug Monitoring 5.61/8 (0.70); Planning Management 5.01/8 (0.63); Data Interpretation 3.41/6 (0.57); Prescription Writing 26.62/40 (0.67). The questionnaire was completed by 16/71 (22.5%) PSA sitters: most agreed the assessment was appropriate for their stage and helpful preparation for an IP course; some community pharmacists considered hospital-based content less relevant.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: Formative participation in the UK PSA by post-registration Foundation pharmacists provided domain-level performance data and was regarded by respondents as useful preparation for an IP course. Findings suggest potential value in situating the PSA during the Foundation Training Year, with consideration of sector relevance and targeted support for domains such as prescription writing and data interpretation.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: According to the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee guidance, this work was classified as service evaluation/quality improvement and did not require formal ethics committee review. Consent to participate: All participants received study information in advance and provided informed consent prior to participation.
– Name: Ref
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  Data: Stewart D, MacLure K, George J. Educating nonmedical prescribers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(4):662–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04204.x . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1111%2Fj%2E1365-2125%2E2012%2E04204%2Ex223003743477334%22&quot;&gt;10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04204.x223003743477334)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bates I, Bader LR, Galbraith K. A global survey on trends in advanced practice and specialisation in the pharmacy workforce. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020;28(2):173–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12611 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1111%2Fijpp%2E1261132176415%22&quot;&gt;10.1111/ijpp.1261132176415)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cope LC, Abuzour AS, Tully MP. Nonmedical prescribing: where are we now? Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2016;7(4):165–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098616646726 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1177%2F2042098616646726274937204959632%22&quot;&gt;10.1177/2042098616646726274937204959632)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Health and Social Care Act 2001. The National Archives on behalf of HM Government. 2001. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/15/section/63 . Accessed 16 Oct 2019.&lt;br /&gt;Improving patients’ access to medicines, a guide to implement nurse and pharmacist independent prescribing within the NHS in England. Department of Health. 2006. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130124072757/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod&amp;#95;consum&amp;#95;dh/groups/dh&amp;#95;digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh&amp;#95;4133747.pdf . Accessed 16 Oct 2019.&lt;br /&gt;Stewart D, Jebara T, Cunningham S, et al. Future perspectives on nonmedical prescribing. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2017;8(6):183–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617693546 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1177%2F2042098617693546286076685455843%22&quot;&gt;10.1177/2042098617693546286076685455843)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Weeks G, George J, Maclure K, et al. Non-medical prescribing versus medical prescribing for acute and chronic disease management in primary and secondary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;11(11):CD011227. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011227.pub2 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1002%2F14651858%2ECD011227%2Epub2278733226464275%22&quot;&gt;10.1002/14651858.CD011227.pub2278733226464275)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jebara T, Cunningham S, MacLure K, et al. Stakeholders’ views and experiences of pharmacist prescribing: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(9):1883–905. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13624 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1111%2Fbcp%2E13624298730986089831%22&quot;&gt;10.1111/bcp.13624298730986089831)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Standards for the initial education and training of pharmacists. General Pharmaceutical Council. 2021. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/sites/default/files/document/standards-for-the-initial-education-andtraining-of-pharmacists-january-2021.pdf . Accessed 11 Aug 2025.&lt;br /&gt;Maxwell SRJ, Cameron IT, Webb DJ. Prescribing safety: ensuring that new graduates are prepared. Lancet. 2015;385(9968):579–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62339-4 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2962339-425706071%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62339-425706071)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dacre J.&#160;Independent review into the Prescribing Safety Assessment.&#160;2023. https://prescribingsafetyassessment.ac.uk/resources/Independent&amp;#95;Review&amp;#95;Into&amp;#95;The&amp;#95;PSA.pdf . Accessed 11 Aug 2025.&lt;br /&gt;Reid F, Power A, Stewart D, et al. Piloting the United Kingdom ‘Prescribing Safety Assessment’ with pharmacist prescribers in Scotland. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2018;14(1):62–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.12.009 . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Esapharm%2E2016%2E12%2E00928089608%22&quot;&gt;10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.12.00928089608)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Power A, Stewart D, Craig G, et al. Student and pre-registration pharmacist performance in a UK Prescribing Assessment. Int J Clin Pharm. 2022;44(1):100–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01317-z . (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1007%2Fs11096-021-01317-z34495454%22&quot;&gt;10.1007/s11096-021-01317-z34495454)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maguire M, Delahunt B. Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. AISHE-J. 2017;8(3) http://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335.&lt;br /&gt;Maxwell SRJ, Coleman JJ, Bollington L, et al. &amp;lt;article-title update=&quot;added&quot;&amp;gt;Prescribing Safety Assessment 2016: delivery of a national prescribing assessment to 7343 UK final‐year medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:2249–58. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2210%2E1111%2Fbcp%2E13319284493025595977%22&quot;&gt;10.1111/bcp.13319284493025595977)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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            NameFull: Cunningham S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Boyter A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Power A
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: 2026 Jun
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2210-7711
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 48
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International journal of clinical pharmacy
              Type: main
ResultId 1