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Origins of the Macaronesian flora: Dispersal and diversification shape a meta-archipelago.

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Title: Origins of the Macaronesian flora: Dispersal and diversification shape a meta-archipelago.
Authors: Price JP; Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Hawai'i, Hilo, HI, USA., García-Verdugo C; Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain., Romeiras MM; Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal.; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1749-017, Portugal., Otto R; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain., Caujapé-Castells J; Department of Molecular Biodiversity and DNA Bank, Jardín Botánico Viera y Clavijo-Unidad Asociada de I + D + i al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Spain., Sequeira MM; InBio, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO-Azores, Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal., Fernández-Palacios JM; Grupo de Ecología y Biogeografía Insular, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal e Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain.
Source: American journal of botany [Am J Bot] 2026 Feb; Vol. 113 (2), pp. e70161. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 10.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0370467 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1537-2197 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00029122 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Bot Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2018-> : [Philadelphia, PA] : Wiley
Original Publication: Baltimore Md : Botanical Society Of America
MeSH Terms: Biodiversity* , Plant Dispersal* , Biological Evolution* , Plants*, Phylogeny ; Spain ; Ecosystem ; Climate ; Azores ; Cabo Verde ; Islands
Abstract: Premise: Ancestors of oceanic insular floras arrived via long-distance dispersal as a function of the geographic location, climatic habitats, and geologic age of the island. As a result, these floras comprise a mix of lineages, derived from distinct colonization events with different continental and insular origins.
Methods: We assembled distributional data for native plant species in four Macaronesian archipelagoes (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde). Drawing from phylogenetic studies, we assigned each endemic species to a lineage. Five regions represent where the closest relatives of these lineages occur: American, temperate northern Europe, Mediterranean, Saharan, and African. We then estimated the total number of colonization events to Macaronesia as a whole and each constituent archipelago deriving from each region.
Results: The distribution of the origins of native non-endemic lineages broadly reflects the range of climates available in a given archipelago, such that a habitat filter model best explains their distributions. In contrast, for endemic lineages, combinations involving the Mediterranean region predominate across all four archipelagoes. The most species-rich lineages most commonly originate in the Canaries and subsequently disperse to younger, more isolated archipelagoes, reflecting a progression rule pattern.
Conclusions: Different theoretical models apply depending on the scale of endemism. One pattern that transcended existing models involved instances where an archipelago that promotes ecological diversification serves as a stepping stone for the colonization of more distant archipelagoes that otherwise may not have been suitable for ancestral continental taxa, which we term the island springboard effect.
(© 2026 Botanical Society of America.)
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Azores; Cabo Verde; Canary Islands; Macaronesia; Madeira; biodiversity; dispersal; flora; phylogeny
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260211 Date Completed: 20260707 Latest Revision: 20260713
Update Code: 20260714
DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.70161
PMID: 41668440
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Origins of the Macaronesian flora: Dispersal and diversification shape a meta-archipelago.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Price+JP%22&quot;&gt;Price JP&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Hawai&#39;i, Hilo, HI, USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Garc&#237;a-Verdugo+C%22&quot;&gt;Garc&#237;a-Verdugo C&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Departamento de Bot&#225;nica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Romeiras+MM%22&quot;&gt;Romeiras MM&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal.; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) &amp; CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1749-017, Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Otto+R%22&quot;&gt;Otto R&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Departamento de Bot&#225;nica, Ecolog&#237;a y Fisiolog&#237;a Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Spain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Caujap&#233;-Castells+J%22&quot;&gt;Caujap&#233;-Castells J&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Molecular Biodiversity and DNA Bank, Jard&#237;n Bot&#225;nico Viera y Clavijo-Unidad Asociada de I + D + i al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Spain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Sequeira+MM%22&quot;&gt;Sequeira MM&lt;/searchLink&gt;; InBio, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, CIBIO-Azores, Madeira Botanical Group (GBM), Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Fern&#225;ndez-Palacios+JM%22&quot;&gt;Fern&#225;ndez-Palacios JM&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Grupo de Ecolog&#237;a y Biogeograf&#237;a Insular, Departamento de Bot&#225;nica, Ecolog&#237;a y Fisiolog&#237;a Vegetal e Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P&#250;blica de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%220370467%22&quot;&gt;American journal of botany&lt;/searchLink&gt; [Am J Bot] 2026 Feb; Vol. 113 (2), pp. e70161. &lt;i&gt;Date of Electronic Publication: &lt;/i&gt;2026 Feb 10.
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Publisher: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PB&quot; term=&quot;%22Wiley%22&quot;&gt;Wiley &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;Country of Publication: &lt;/i&gt;United States &lt;i&gt;NLM ID: &lt;/i&gt;0370467 &lt;i&gt;Publication Model: &lt;/i&gt;Print-Electronic &lt;i&gt;Cited Medium: &lt;/i&gt;Internet &lt;i&gt;ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;1537-2197 (Electronic) &lt;i&gt;Linking ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;IS&quot; term=&quot;%2200029122%22&quot;&gt;00029122 &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;NLM ISO Abbreviation: &lt;/i&gt;Am J Bot &lt;i&gt;Subsets: &lt;/i&gt;MEDLINE
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Publication&lt;/i&gt;: &lt;2018-&gt; : [Philadelphia, PA] : Wiley&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Original Publication&lt;/i&gt;: Baltimore Md : Botanical Society Of America
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  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Biodiversity%22&quot;&gt;Biodiversity*&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Plant+Dispersal%22&quot;&gt;Plant Dispersal*&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Biological+Evolution%22&quot;&gt;Biological Evolution*&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Plants%22&quot;&gt;Plants*&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Phylogeny%22&quot;&gt;Phylogeny&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Spain%22&quot;&gt;Spain&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Ecosystem%22&quot;&gt;Ecosystem&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Climate%22&quot;&gt;Climate&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Azores%22&quot;&gt;Azores&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Cabo+Verde%22&quot;&gt;Cabo Verde&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Islands%22&quot;&gt;Islands&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Premise: Ancestors of oceanic insular floras arrived via long-distance dispersal as a function of the geographic location, climatic habitats, and geologic age of the island. As a result, these floras comprise a mix of lineages, derived from distinct colonization events with different continental and insular origins.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: We assembled distributional data for native plant species in four Macaronesian archipelagoes (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde). Drawing from phylogenetic studies, we assigned each endemic species to a lineage. Five regions represent where the closest relatives of these lineages occur: American, temperate northern Europe, Mediterranean, Saharan, and African. We then estimated the total number of colonization events to Macaronesia as a whole and each constituent archipelago deriving from each region.&lt;br /&gt;Results: The distribution of the origins of native non-endemic lineages broadly reflects the range of climates available in a given archipelago, such that a habitat filter model best explains their distributions. In contrast, for endemic lineages, combinations involving the Mediterranean region predominate across all four archipelagoes. The most species-rich lineages most commonly originate in the Canaries and subsequently disperse to younger, more isolated archipelagoes, reflecting a progression rule pattern.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: Different theoretical models apply depending on the scale of endemism. One pattern that transcended existing models involved instances where an archipelago that promotes ecological diversification serves as a stepping stone for the colonization of more distant archipelagoes that otherwise may not have been suitable for ancestral continental taxa, which we term the island springboard effect.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026 Botanical Society of America.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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