Academic Journal
Toward Real-Time GPU Implementation of Diverging Beam With Synthetic Aperture Technique With Non-linear Beamforming for a Curvilinear Array.
| Τίτλος: | Toward Real-Time GPU Implementation of Diverging Beam With Synthetic Aperture Technique With Non-linear Beamforming for a Curvilinear Array. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Basavarajappa L; Mehta family school of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India., R R; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Tushar R; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India., Thittai AK; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. |
| Πηγή: | Ultrasonic imaging [Ultrason Imaging] 2026 Sep; Vol. 48 (5), pp. 311-321. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 29. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Sage Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7909167 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0910 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01617346 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ultrason Imaging Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Oct. 2012- : London : Sage Original Publication: New York, Academic Press. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Image Processing, Computer-Assisted*/methods , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*/instrumentation , Computer Graphics*, Ultrasonography/methods ; Ultrasonography/instrumentation ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Transducers ; Algorithms ; Equipment Design ; Parallel Algorithms ; Computer Systems |
| Περίληψη: | Conventional focused ultrasound imaging typically utilizes focused transmit beams in conjunction with a delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer for reception, which yields optimal image quality only within the focal zone. To overcome this limitation, synthetic transmit aperture (STA) techniques and advanced non-linear beamforming methods are being explored to enhance the quality of ultrasound images. However, implementing these two approaches demands substantial computational resources. Although ultrasound systems utilizing GPU technology have demonstrated potential for real-time processing, their practical application is still limited. Real-time and affordable systems utilizing STA imaging and advanced non-linear beamforming are still not common in practical applications. Furthermore, the use of curvilinear array transducers is yet largely unexplored in the context of STA imaging. In this study, we present a GPU-based real-time affordable system for curvilinear array transducers that employs diverging beam with synthetic transmit aperture technique (DBSAT) imaging with non-linear beamforming. Experimental RF data were acquired using a tissue-mimicking phantom (CIRS Model 040GSE) with a DBSAT and conventional focused beamforming (CFB) sequence implemented on the programmable Verasonics Vantage 64 system equipped with a C5-2 curvilinear array probe. Beamforming was performed using an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 GPU, implementing both DAS and filtered delay multiply and sum (FDMAS) algorithms. The results suggest that DBSAT-FDMAS using a curvilinear transducer yields improved image quality when the virtual source is positioned closer to the transducer, compared to an infinite virtual source distance. Further, reducing the number of receive elements has a minimal effect on image quality. The estimated axial and lateral resolutions for CFB-FDMAS range from 0.56 to 0.86 mm and 0.39 to 0.96 mm, respectively, whereas for DBSAT32-FDMAS, they range from 0.62 to 0.93 mm and 0.30 to 0.79 mm, respectively. The estimated CNR and gCNR values for CFB-FDMAS are 1.34 and 0.78, respectively, while those for DBSAT32-FDMAS are 1.84 and 0.81, respectively. In summary, DBSAT-FDMAS using 32 active receive elements offers enhanced image quality compared to CFB-FDMAS, while maintaining similar execution times. |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Graphics processing unit (GPU); curvilinear array transducer; filtered delay multiply and sum (FDMAS); synthetic transmit aperture (STA); ultrasound |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251229 Date Completed: 20260723 Latest Revision: 20260723 |
| Update Code: | 20260723 |
| DOI: | 10.1177/01617346251406540 |
| PMID: | 41461368 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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| Header | DbId: cmedm DbLabel: MEDLINE An: 41461368 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Toward Real-Time GPU Implementation of Diverging Beam With Synthetic Aperture Technique With Non-linear Beamforming for a Curvilinear Array. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Basavarajappa+L%22">Basavarajappa L</searchLink>; Mehta family school of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22R+R%22">R R</searchLink>; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tushar+R%22">Tushar R</searchLink>; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Thittai+AK%22">Thittai AK</searchLink>; Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227909167%22">Ultrasonic imaging</searchLink> [Ultrason Imaging] 2026 Sep; Vol. 48 (5), pp. 311-321. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Dec 29. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Sage%22">Sage </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>7909167 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1096-0910 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2201617346%22">01617346 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Ultrason Imaging <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: Oct. 2012- : London : Sage<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: New York, Academic Press. – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Signal+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Signal+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Computer+Graphics%22">Computer Graphics*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Ultrasonography%22">Ultrasonography</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Ultrasonography+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Ultrasonography%22">Ultrasonography</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Ultrasonography+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Phantoms%2C+Imaging%22">Phantoms, Imaging</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Transducers%22">Transducers</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Algorithms%22">Algorithms</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Equipment+Design%22">Equipment Design</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Parallel+Algorithms%22">Parallel Algorithms</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Computer+Systems%22">Computer Systems</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Conventional focused ultrasound imaging typically utilizes focused transmit beams in conjunction with a delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer for reception, which yields optimal image quality only within the focal zone. To overcome this limitation, synthetic transmit aperture (STA) techniques and advanced non-linear beamforming methods are being explored to enhance the quality of ultrasound images. However, implementing these two approaches demands substantial computational resources. Although ultrasound systems utilizing GPU technology have demonstrated potential for real-time processing, their practical application is still limited. Real-time and affordable systems utilizing STA imaging and advanced non-linear beamforming are still not common in practical applications. Furthermore, the use of curvilinear array transducers is yet largely unexplored in the context of STA imaging. In this study, we present a GPU-based real-time affordable system for curvilinear array transducers that employs diverging beam with synthetic transmit aperture technique (DBSAT) imaging with non-linear beamforming. Experimental RF data were acquired using a tissue-mimicking phantom (CIRS Model 040GSE) with a DBSAT and conventional focused beamforming (CFB) sequence implemented on the programmable Verasonics Vantage 64 system equipped with a C5-2 curvilinear array probe. Beamforming was performed using an NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 GPU, implementing both DAS and filtered delay multiply and sum (FDMAS) algorithms. The results suggest that DBSAT-FDMAS using a curvilinear transducer yields improved image quality when the virtual source is positioned closer to the transducer, compared to an infinite virtual source distance. Further, reducing the number of receive elements has a minimal effect on image quality. The estimated axial and lateral resolutions for CFB-FDMAS range from 0.56 to 0.86 mm and 0.39 to 0.96 mm, respectively, whereas for DBSAT32-FDMAS, they range from 0.62 to 0.93 mm and 0.30 to 0.79 mm, respectively. The estimated CNR and gCNR values for CFB-FDMAS are 1.34 and 0.78, respectively, while those for DBSAT32-FDMAS are 1.84 and 0.81, respectively. In summary, DBSAT-FDMAS using 32 active receive elements offers enhanced image quality compared to CFB-FDMAS, while maintaining similar execution times. – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Graphics processing unit (GPU); curvilinear array transducer; filtered delay multiply and sum (FDMAS); synthetic transmit aperture (STA); ultrasound – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20251229 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260723 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260723 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260723 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1177/01617346251406540 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 41461368 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1177/01617346251406540 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: 311 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Ultrasonography methods Type: general – SubjectFull: Ultrasonography instrumentation Type: general – SubjectFull: Phantoms, Imaging Type: general – SubjectFull: Transducers Type: general – SubjectFull: Algorithms Type: general – SubjectFull: Equipment Design Type: general – SubjectFull: Parallel Algorithms Type: general – SubjectFull: Computer Systems Type: general – SubjectFull: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods Type: general – SubjectFull: Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted instrumentation Type: general – SubjectFull: Computer Graphics Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Toward Real-Time GPU Implementation of Diverging Beam With Synthetic Aperture Technique With Non-linear Beamforming for a Curvilinear Array. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Basavarajappa L – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: R R – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Tushar R – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Thittai AK IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 09 Text: 2026 Sep Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1096-0910 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 48 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Ultrasonic imaging Type: main |
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