Academic Journal
Green forensics: characterization and application of an eco-friendly eggshell-derived small particle reagent for water-submerged latent fingerprint development.
| Τίτλος: | Green forensics: characterization and application of an eco-friendly eggshell-derived small particle reagent for water-submerged latent fingerprint development. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Walia M; Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India., Joshi B; Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India. bhawana19joshi@gmail.com., Kaur J; Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110096, India., Sodhi GS; Department of Chemistry, S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India., Bhati K; Department of Forensic Science, School of Humanities, Arts and Applied Sciences, Amity University, Dubai, UAE., Verma K; Crime Scene Management Division, Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi, India. |
| Πηγή: | Environmental science and pollution research international [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int] 2026 Aug; Vol. 33 (29), pp. 14756-14772. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 17. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9441769 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1614-7499 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09441344 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: <2013->: Berlin : Springer Original Publication: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Egg Shell*/chemistry , Forensic Sciences*/methods , Dermatoglyphics* , Green Chemistry Technology*, Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Surface-Active Agents/chemistry ; Animals ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Chickens ; Humans ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Particle Size ; Water ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Indicators and Reagents |
| Περίληψη: | Growing global emphasis on environmental sustainability has prompted forensic scientists to explore green and biocompatible methodologies, particularly for latent fingerprint development on challenging surfaces. This study presents an innovative, eco-friendly small-particle reagent (SPR) synthesized from waste chicken eggshells, a biogenic material primarily composed of calcium carbonate, as a sustainable alternative to traditional SPRs, which often contain toxic or heavy-metal-based compounds. The eggshells were processed into a fine powder and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to ensure a suitable particle size and composition for forensic use. The formulation was enhanced with natural saponin derived from Sapindus mukorossi as a surfactant and methylene blue as a contrast agent. Eight commonly encountered nonporous substrates including glass, metal, and various plastics, were selected for testing, each bearing sebaceous fingerprints from multiple donors. After immersion in water for 5 days to simulate real forensic scenarios, eggshell-based SPR demonstrated excellent efficacy, producing high ridge clarity and contrast, particularly on glass and metal surfaces. Fingerprint quality was assessed via a standardized grading scale by independent evaluators, which consistently yielded good to excellent results. FESEM-EDX analyses confirmed the strong adherence of the reagent to the fingerprint ridges and that its biogenic composition was dominated by calcium carbonate. A comprehensive ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the successful deposition and molecular composition of the developed latent fingerprint, identifying characteristic organic residues alongside a dominant calcium carbonate substrate. This approach not only offers a cost-effective, nontoxic, and sustainable alternative to conventional SPRs but also exemplifies the transformation of waste into valuable forensic tools, reducing environmental impact and supporting circular economy principles. The findings pave the way for broader adoption of eco-friendly practices in forensic science, providing law enforcement and forensic professionals with an effective, safe, and environmentally responsible solution for latent fingerprint development, even under water-immersed conditions. (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethical approval: This is not applicable. Consent to participate: Consent to participate in research work was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Consent to publish the research work has been obtained from all the authors and participants. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
| References: | Almog J, Cantu AA, Champod C, Kent T, Lennard C (2014) Guidelines for the assessment of fingermark detection techniques. J Forensic Identif 64:174. Arora KK, Passey S, Mishra R (2021) Developing latent fingerprints on wet surfaces with a fluorescent schiff ’ s base as SPR. Int J Trend Scien Res Dev 5:4–7. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26314.70085. (PMID: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26314.70085) Awogbemi O, Inambao F, Onuh EI (2020) Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications. Heliyon 6:e05283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05283. (PMID: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05283) Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Razak FIA, Hamzah HH (2018) Novel safranin-tinted Candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates reagent for visualizing latent fingerprints on stainless steel knives immersed in a natural outdoor pond. Int J Mol Sci 19:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061576. (PMID: 10.3390/ijms19061576) Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Ahmad WA, Huri MAM, Hamzah HH (2019) Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3. (PMID: 10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3) Azman AR, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R, Ahmad WA, Mohamed Huri MA, Abdul Hamid AA, Adamu A, Mat Saat GA (2020) Characterisation and computational analysis of a novel lipase nanobio-based reagent for visualising latent fingerprints on water-immersed glass slides. Process Biochem 96:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.033. (PMID: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.033) Azman AR, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R, Ahmad WA, Ismail D (2022) Preliminary forensic assessment of the visualised fingerprints on nonporous substrates immersed in water using the green and optimised novel nanobio-based reagent. Sci Rep 12:14780. (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-022-18929-8) Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Cogliano V (2006) Carcinogenicity of carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. Lancet Oncol 7:295–296. (PMID: 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70651-9) Baláž M, Boldyreva EV, Rybin D, Pavlović S, Rodríguez-Padrón D, Mudrinić T, Luque R (2021) State-of-the-art of eggshell waste in materials science: recent advances in catalysis, pharmaceutical applications, and mechanochemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:612567. (PMID: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.612567) Bartošová A, Blinová L, Sirotiak M, Michalíková A (2017) Usage of FTIR-ATR as non-destructive analysis of selected toxic dyes. Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 25:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/rput-2017-0012. (PMID: 10.1515/rput-2017-0012) Basu A, Basu S, Chowdhury R, Bandyopadhyay S, Kirtania A, Mukherjee K, Saha A, Bhattacharjee A (2013) Optimisation of production of natural surfactant from soap nut (ritha) using response surface methodology (RSM). Chemcon. Bumbrah GS (2016) Small particle reagent (SPR) method for detection of latent fingermarks: a review. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:328–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.001. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.001) Bužga M, Machytka E, Dvořáčková E, Švagera Z, Stejskal D, Máca J, Král J (2022) Methylene blue: a controversial diagnostic acid and medication? Toxicol Res (Camb) 11:711–717. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfac050. (PMID: 10.1093/toxres/tfac050) Castelló A, Francés F, Verdú F (2013) Solving underwater crimes: development of latent prints made on submerged objects. Sci Justice 53:328–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.002. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.002) Cucè P, Polimeni G, Lazzaro AP, De Fulvio G (2004) Small particle reagents technique can help to point out wet latent fingerprints. Forensic Sci Int 146:S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.005. (PMID: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.005) Dhall JK, Kapoor AK (2016) Development of latent prints exposed to destructive crime scene conditions using wet powder suspensions. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.003. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.003) Doibut T, Benchawattananon R (2017) Small particle reagent based on natural dyes for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous wet surfaces. Manag Innov Technol Int Conf MITiCON 2016 MIT225–MIT228. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITICON.2016.8025211. Frank A, Almog J (1993) Modified SPR (small particle reagent) for latent fingerprint development on wet, dark objects. J Forensic Ident 43:240–244. Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR, Goldstein JI, Newbury DE (2003) The SEM and its modes of operation. Scanning Electron Microsc X-ray Microanal Third Ed. pp 21–60. Group IFR (2014) Guidelines for the assessment of fingermark detection techniques. J Forensic Identif 64:174–200. Hashem MM, Abo-EL-Sooud K, Abd-Elhakim YM, Badr YA, El-Metwally AE, Bahy-El-Dien A (2020) The long-term oral exposure to titanium dioxide impaired immune functions and triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 60:126473. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126473) J. A (1993) Modified SPR for latent fingerprint development on wet, dark objects. J Forensic Identif 43:240. Jasuja OP, Singh GD, Sodhi GS (2007) Small particle reagent: a saponin-based modification. J Forensic Identif 57:244. Jasuja OP, Singh GD, Sodhi GS (2008) Small particle reagents: development of fluorescent variants. Sci Justice 48:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2008.04.002. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scijus.2008.04.002) Joshi K, Kesharwani L (2015) Development of latent fingerprints from non porous surfaces submerged in water at different interval of time. Int J Softw Hardw Res Eng 3:15–19. Kargule BB, Al-Asadi M, Al-Anssari S, Aljibori HSS, Hamzah HT, Tastambek KT, Abdullah TA, Abdullah OI (2025) Sustainable removal of dyes from wastewater using eggshell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles: adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic analysis supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ASEAN J Sci Eng 5:369–394. (PMID: 10.17509/ajse.v5i2.88499) Kaur J (2018) Small particle reagent technique for detection of latent fingerprints: a review. Indian Police J 65:58. Kotrlý M (2007) Using X-ray diffraction in forensic science. Zeitschrift Für Krist Mater 222:193–198. Lee M, Paik IS, Kim I, Kang H, Lee S (2007) Remediation of heavy metal contaminated groundwater originated from abandoned mine using lime and calcium carbonate. J Hazard Mater 144:208–214. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.007) Liu R, Zhang J, Fu H, Yin L, Song Y, He G (2023) A comparative study of methylene blue adsorption and removal mechanisms by calcium carbonate from different sources. Bioresour Technol 387:129603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129603. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129603) Madkour S, Abeer sheta, El Dine FB, Elwakeel Y, AbdAllah N (2017) Development of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces recovered from fresh and sea water. Egypt J Forensic Sci 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-017-0008-8. Meiron OE, Bar-David E, Aflalo ED, Shechter A, Stepensky D, Berman A, Sagi A (2011) Solubility and bioavailability of stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate. J Bone Miner Res 26:364–372. (PMID: 10.1002/jbmr.196) Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Nainu F, Khusro A, Idris AM, Khandaker MU, Osman H, Alhumaydhi FA (2022) Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ 34:101865. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865) Pearson EF (1984) Latent fingerprints: a review of their origin, composition and methods for detection. Forensic Sci Int 25:156–157. Peng D, Liu X, Huang M, Liu R (2018) Characterization of a novel Co2TiO4 nanopowder for the rapid identification of latent and blood fingerprints. Anal Lett 51:1796–1808. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2017.1391827. (PMID: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1391827) Polimeni G, Feudale Foti B, Saravo L, De Fulvio G (2004) A novel approach to identify the presence of fingerprints on wet surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 146:45–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.016. (PMID: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.016) Prabakaran E, Pillay K (2021) Nanomaterials for latent fingerprint detection: a review. J Mater Res Technol 12:1856–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.110. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.110) Racovita AD (2022) Titanium dioxide: structure, impact, and toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:5681. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph19095681) Reid SD (2002) Physiological impact of acute molybdenum exposure in juvenile kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 133:355–367. Reynolds AJ, Jones BJ, Sears V, Bowman V (2008) Nano-scale analysis of titanium dioxide fingerprint-development powders. J Phys Conf Ser 126:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012069. (PMID: 10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012069) Rohatgi R, Sodhi GS, Kapoor AK (2014) Small particle reagent based on crystal violet dye for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous wet surfaces. Egypt J Forensic Sci 5:162–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.08.005. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.08.005) Sahadat Hossain M, Ahmed S (2023) FTIR spectrum analysis to predict the crystalline and amorphous phases of hydroxyapatite: a comparison of vibrational motion to reflection. RSC Adv 13:14625–14630. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02580B. (PMID: 10.1039/D3RA02580B) Saini RD (2018) Synthetic textile dyes: constitution, dying process and environmental impacts. Asian J Res Chem 11:206–214. (PMID: 10.5958/0974-4150.2018.00040.8) Sankhla MS, Verma RK, Nagar V, Sharma V, Jain D, Sharma A, Kumar S, Awasthi KK, Pandey H, Pandey K (2024) Eggshell nanosheets: synthesis, properties, and their forensic applications in latent friction ridges development. Macromolecular Symposia. Wiley Online Library, p 2300038. Sears VG, Bleay SM, Bandes HL, Bowman VJ (2012) A methodology for finger mark research. Sci Justice 52:145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.006. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.006) Sessa C, Vila A, García JF (2011) Determination of detection limits for SEM-EDS and m-FTIR analysis of artwork. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:2241–2251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4881-y. (PMID: 10.1007/s00216-011-4881-y) Sodhi GS, Kaur J (2012) A novel fluorescent small particle reagent for detecting latent fingerprints on wet non-porous items. Egypt J Forensic Sci 2:45–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.04.004. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.04.004) Springer E, Bergman P (1995) A fluorescent small particle reagent (SPR). J Forensic Identif 45:164–168. Topala CM, Paunescu A, Soare LC (2019) ATR - FTIR spectral analysis of ferns using as fingerprint for identification of fern species. Rev Chim 70:875–880. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7024. (PMID: 10.37358/rc.19.3.7024) Trapecar M (2012) Fingerprint recovery from wet transparent foil. Egypt J Forensic Sci 2:126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.08.001. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.08.001) Walia M, Joshi B, Kaur J, Sodhi GS, Verma K (2024) A comprehensive review of small particle reagent efficacy in developing latent fingerprints immersed in water: an empirical analysis. Res J Pharm Technol 17:4110–4116. (PMID: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00637) Wang X, Mansukhani ND, Guiney LM, Ji Z, Chang CH, Wang M, Liao Y, Song T, Sun B, Li R (2015) Differences in the toxicological potential of 2D versus aggregated molybdenum disulfide in the lung. Small 11:5079–5087. (PMID: 10.1002/smll.201500906) Yang Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Martín JD (2022) Bioavailability and health risk of toxic heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) in urban soils: a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Environ Res 214:113772. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113772) Yong YT, Zakaria Y, Nik Hassan NF (2020) Recovery of latent fingermarks from burial environments. Egypt J Forensic Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-020-00206-2. (PMID: 10.1186/s41935-020-00206-2) Zabit SHM, Hassan NFN, Rajan R (2024) Zero waste latent fingermark developing nanopowder from eggshells. Malaysian J Microsc 20:246–258. Zadora G, Brożek-Mucha Z (2003) SEM–EDX—a useful tool for forensic examinations. Mater Chem Phys 81:345–348. (PMID: 10.1016/S0254-0584(03)00018-X) Zhang M, Ou Y, Du X, Li X, Huang H, Wen Y, Zhang X (2017) Systematic study of dye loaded small mesoporous silica nanoparticles for detecting latent fingerprints on various substrates. J Porous Mater 24:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0231-y. (PMID: 10.1007/s10934-016-0231-y) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Eco-friendly SPR; Green forensic; Latent fingerprint; SPR; Small particle reagent; Water-immersed fingerprint; Wet fingerprint |
| Substance Nomenclature: | H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate) 059QF0KO0R (Water) 0 (Surface-Active Agents) 0 (Indicators and Reagents) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251217 Date Completed: 20260930 Latest Revision: 20260930 |
| Update Code: | 20261001 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11356-025-37277-4 |
| PMID: | 41405682 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| FullText | Links: – Type: other Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com:443/public/rma-ftfapi/ejs/direct?AccessToken=43B4A098B41518699257&Show=Object Text: Availability: 0 CustomLinks: – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s11356-025-37277-4 Name: EDS - Springer Nature Journals (s7799221) Category: fullText Text: View record at Springer |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: cmedm DbLabel: MEDLINE An: 41405682 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Green forensics: characterization and application of an eco-friendly eggshell-derived small particle reagent for water-submerged latent fingerprint development. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Walia+M%22">Walia M</searchLink>; Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Joshi+B%22">Joshi B</searchLink>; Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India. bhawana19joshi@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kaur+J%22">Kaur J</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110096, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sodhi+GS%22">Sodhi GS</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bhati+K%22">Bhati K</searchLink>; Department of Forensic Science, School of Humanities, Arts and Applied Sciences, Amity University, Dubai, UAE.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Verma+K%22">Verma K</searchLink>; Crime Scene Management Division, Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi, India. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229441769%22">Environmental science and pollution research international</searchLink> [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int] 2026 Aug; Vol. 33 (29), pp. 14756-14772. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Dec 17. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer%22">Springer </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Germany <i>NLM ID: </i>9441769 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1614-7499 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2209441344%22">09441344 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: <2013->: Berlin : Springer<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Egg+Shell%22">Egg Shell*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Egg+Shell+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences%22">Forensic Sciences*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dermatoglyphics%22">Dermatoglyphics*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Green+Chemistry+Technology%22">Green Chemistry Technology*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate%22">Calcium Carbonate</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Surface-Active+Agents%22">Surface-Active Agents</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Surface-Active+Agents+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Electron%2C+Scanning%22">Microscopy, Electron, Scanning</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Chickens%22">Chickens</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22X-Ray+Diffraction%22">X-Ray Diffraction</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Particle+Size%22">Particle Size</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Water%22">Water</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Spectrometry%2C+X-Ray+Emission%22">Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Indicators+and+Reagents%22">Indicators and Reagents</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Growing global emphasis on environmental sustainability has prompted forensic scientists to explore green and biocompatible methodologies, particularly for latent fingerprint development on challenging surfaces. This study presents an innovative, eco-friendly small-particle reagent (SPR) synthesized from waste chicken eggshells, a biogenic material primarily composed of calcium carbonate, as a sustainable alternative to traditional SPRs, which often contain toxic or heavy-metal-based compounds. The eggshells were processed into a fine powder and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to ensure a suitable particle size and composition for forensic use. The formulation was enhanced with natural saponin derived from Sapindus mukorossi as a surfactant and methylene blue as a contrast agent. Eight commonly encountered nonporous substrates including glass, metal, and various plastics, were selected for testing, each bearing sebaceous fingerprints from multiple donors. After immersion in water for 5 days to simulate real forensic scenarios, eggshell-based SPR demonstrated excellent efficacy, producing high ridge clarity and contrast, particularly on glass and metal surfaces. Fingerprint quality was assessed via a standardized grading scale by independent evaluators, which consistently yielded good to excellent results. FESEM-EDX analyses confirmed the strong adherence of the reagent to the fingerprint ridges and that its biogenic composition was dominated by calcium carbonate. A comprehensive ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the successful deposition and molecular composition of the developed latent fingerprint, identifying characteristic organic residues alongside a dominant calcium carbonate substrate. This approach not only offers a cost-effective, nontoxic, and sustainable alternative to conventional SPRs but also exemplifies the transformation of waste into valuable forensic tools, reducing environmental impact and supporting circular economy principles. The findings pave the way for broader adoption of eco-friendly practices in forensic science, providing law enforcement and forensic professionals with an effective, safe, and environmentally responsible solution for latent fingerprint development, even under water-immersed conditions.<br /> (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declarations. Ethical approval: This is not applicable. Consent to participate: Consent to participate in research work was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Consent to publish the research work has been obtained from all the authors and participants. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Almog J, Cantu AA, Champod C, Kent T, Lennard C (2014) Guidelines for the assessment of fingermark detection techniques. J Forensic Identif 64:174.<br />Arora KK, Passey S, Mishra R (2021) Developing latent fingerprints on wet surfaces with a fluorescent schiff ’ s base as SPR. Int J Trend Scien Res Dev 5:4–7. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26314.70085. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E13140%2FRG%2E2%2E2%2E26314%2E70085%22">10.13140/RG.2.2.26314.70085)</searchLink><br />Awogbemi O, Inambao F, Onuh EI (2020) Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications. Heliyon 6:e05283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05283. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eheliyon%2E2020%2Ee05283%22">10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05283)</searchLink><br />Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Razak FIA, Hamzah HH (2018) Novel safranin-tinted Candida rugosa lipase nanoconjugates reagent for visualizing latent fingerprints on stainless steel knives immersed in a natural outdoor pond. Int J Mol Sci 19:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061576. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3390%2Fijms19061576%22">10.3390/ijms19061576)</searchLink><br />Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Ahmad WA, Huri MAM, Hamzah HH (2019) Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1186%2Fs41935-019-0129-3%22">10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3)</searchLink><br />Azman AR, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R, Ahmad WA, Mohamed Huri MA, Abdul Hamid AA, Adamu A, Mat Saat GA (2020) Characterisation and computational analysis of a novel lipase nanobio-based reagent for visualising latent fingerprints on water-immersed glass slides. Process Biochem 96:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.033. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eprocbio%2E2020%2E05%2E033%22">10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.033)</searchLink><br />Azman AR, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R, Ahmad WA, Ismail D (2022) Preliminary forensic assessment of the visualised fingerprints on nonporous substrates immersed in water using the green and optimised novel nanobio-based reagent. Sci Rep 12:14780. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1038%2Fs41598-022-18929-8%22">10.1038/s41598-022-18929-8)</searchLink><br />Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Cogliano V (2006) Carcinogenicity of carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. Lancet Oncol 7:295–296. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2FS1470-2045%2806%2970651-9%22">10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70651-9)</searchLink><br />Baláž M, Boldyreva EV, Rybin D, Pavlović S, Rodríguez-Padrón D, Mudrinić T, Luque R (2021) State-of-the-art of eggshell waste in materials science: recent advances in catalysis, pharmaceutical applications, and mechanochemistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:612567. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3389%2Ffbioe%2E2020%2E612567%22">10.3389/fbioe.2020.612567)</searchLink><br />Bartošová A, Blinová L, Sirotiak M, Michalíková A (2017) Usage of FTIR-ATR as non-destructive analysis of selected toxic dyes. Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 25:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1515/rput-2017-0012. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1515%2Frput-2017-0012%22">10.1515/rput-2017-0012)</searchLink><br />Basu A, Basu S, Chowdhury R, Bandyopadhyay S, Kirtania A, Mukherjee K, Saha A, Bhattacharjee A (2013) Optimisation of production of natural surfactant from soap nut (ritha) using response surface methodology (RSM). Chemcon.<br />Bumbrah GS (2016) Small particle reagent (SPR) method for detection of latent fingermarks: a review. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:328–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.001. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eejfs%2E2016%2E09%2E001%22">10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.001)</searchLink><br />Bužga M, Machytka E, Dvořáčková E, Švagera Z, Stejskal D, Máca J, Král J (2022) Methylene blue: a controversial diagnostic acid and medication? Toxicol Res (Camb) 11:711–717. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfac050. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1093%2Ftoxres%2Ftfac050%22">10.1093/toxres/tfac050)</searchLink><br />Castelló A, Francés F, Verdú F (2013) Solving underwater crimes: development of latent prints made on submerged objects. Sci Justice 53:328–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.002. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escijus%2E2013%2E04%2E002%22">10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.002)</searchLink><br />Cucè P, Polimeni G, Lazzaro AP, De Fulvio G (2004) Small particle reagents technique can help to point out wet latent fingerprints. Forensic Sci Int 146:S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.005. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eforsciint%2E2004%2E09%2E005%22">10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.005)</searchLink><br />Dhall JK, Kapoor AK (2016) Development of latent prints exposed to destructive crime scene conditions using wet powder suspensions. Egypt J Forensic Sci 6:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.003. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eejfs%2E2016%2E06%2E003%22">10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.06.003)</searchLink><br />Doibut T, Benchawattananon R (2017) Small particle reagent based on natural dyes for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous wet surfaces. Manag Innov Technol Int Conf MITiCON 2016 MIT225–MIT228. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITICON.2016.8025211.<br />Frank A, Almog J (1993) Modified SPR (small particle reagent) for latent fingerprint development on wet, dark objects. J Forensic Ident 43:240–244.<br />Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR, Goldstein JI, Newbury DE (2003) The SEM and its modes of operation. Scanning Electron Microsc X-ray Microanal Third Ed. pp 21–60.<br />Group IFR (2014) Guidelines for the assessment of fingermark detection techniques. J Forensic Identif 64:174–200.<br />Hashem MM, Abo-EL-Sooud K, Abd-Elhakim YM, Badr YA, El-Metwally AE, Bahy-El-Dien A (2020) The long-term oral exposure to titanium dioxide impaired immune functions and triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 60:126473. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejtemb%2E2020%2E126473%22">10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126473)</searchLink><br />J. A (1993) Modified SPR for latent fingerprint development on wet, dark objects. J Forensic Identif 43:240.<br />Jasuja OP, Singh GD, Sodhi GS (2007) Small particle reagent: a saponin-based modification. J Forensic Identif 57:244.<br />Jasuja OP, Singh GD, Sodhi GS (2008) Small particle reagents: development of fluorescent variants. Sci Justice 48:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2008.04.002. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escijus%2E2008%2E04%2E002%22">10.1016/j.scijus.2008.04.002)</searchLink><br />Joshi K, Kesharwani L (2015) Development of latent fingerprints from non porous surfaces submerged in water at different interval of time. Int J Softw Hardw Res Eng 3:15–19.<br />Kargule BB, Al-Asadi M, Al-Anssari S, Aljibori HSS, Hamzah HT, Tastambek KT, Abdullah TA, Abdullah OI (2025) Sustainable removal of dyes from wastewater using eggshell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles: adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic analysis supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ASEAN J Sci Eng 5:369–394. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E17509%2Fajse%2Ev5i2%2E88499%22">10.17509/ajse.v5i2.88499)</searchLink><br />Kaur J (2018) Small particle reagent technique for detection of latent fingerprints: a review. Indian Police J 65:58.<br />Kotrlý M (2007) Using X-ray diffraction in forensic science. Zeitschrift Für Krist Mater 222:193–198.<br />Lee M, Paik IS, Kim I, Kang H, Lee S (2007) Remediation of heavy metal contaminated groundwater originated from abandoned mine using lime and calcium carbonate. J Hazard Mater 144:208–214. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejhazmat%2E2006%2E10%2E007%22">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.007)</searchLink><br />Liu R, Zhang J, Fu H, Yin L, Song Y, He G (2023) A comparative study of methylene blue adsorption and removal mechanisms by calcium carbonate from different sources. Bioresour Technol 387:129603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129603. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ebiortech%2E2023%2E129603%22">10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129603)</searchLink><br />Madkour S, Abeer sheta, El Dine FB, Elwakeel Y, AbdAllah N (2017) Development of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces recovered from fresh and sea water. Egypt J Forensic Sci 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-017-0008-8.<br />Meiron OE, Bar-David E, Aflalo ED, Shechter A, Stepensky D, Berman A, Sagi A (2011) Solubility and bioavailability of stabilized amorphous calcium carbonate. J Bone Miner Res 26:364–372. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1002%2Fjbmr%2E196%22">10.1002/jbmr.196)</searchLink><br />Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Nainu F, Khusro A, Idris AM, Khandaker MU, Osman H, Alhumaydhi FA (2022) Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ 34:101865. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejksus%2E2022%2E101865%22">10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865)</searchLink><br />Pearson EF (1984) Latent fingerprints: a review of their origin, composition and methods for detection. Forensic Sci Int  25:156–157.<br />Peng D, Liu X, Huang M, Liu R (2018) Characterization of a novel Co2TiO4 nanopowder for the rapid identification of latent and blood fingerprints. Anal Lett 51:1796–1808. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2017.1391827. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1080%2F00032719%2E2017%2E1391827%22">10.1080/00032719.2017.1391827)</searchLink><br />Polimeni G, Feudale Foti B, Saravo L, De Fulvio G (2004) A novel approach to identify the presence of fingerprints on wet surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 146:45–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.016. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eforsciint%2E2004%2E09%2E016%22">10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.016)</searchLink><br />Prabakaran E, Pillay K (2021) Nanomaterials for latent fingerprint detection: a review. J Mater Res Technol 12:1856–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.110. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejmrt%2E2021%2E03%2E110%22">10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.110)</searchLink><br />Racovita AD (2022) Titanium dioxide: structure, impact, and toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:5681. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3390%2Fijerph19095681%22">10.3390/ijerph19095681)</searchLink><br />Reid SD (2002) Physiological impact of acute molybdenum exposure in juvenile kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 133:355–367.<br />Reynolds AJ, Jones BJ, Sears V, Bowman V (2008) Nano-scale analysis of titanium dioxide fingerprint-development powders. J Phys Conf Ser 126:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012069. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1088%2F1742-6596%2F126%2F1%2F012069%22">10.1088/1742-6596/126/1/012069)</searchLink><br />Rohatgi R, Sodhi GS, Kapoor AK (2014) Small particle reagent based on crystal violet dye for developing latent fingerprints on non-porous wet surfaces. Egypt J Forensic Sci 5:162–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.08.005. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eejfs%2E2014%2E08%2E005%22">10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.08.005)</searchLink><br />Sahadat Hossain M, Ahmed S (2023) FTIR spectrum analysis to predict the crystalline and amorphous phases of hydroxyapatite: a comparison of vibrational motion to reflection. RSC Adv 13:14625–14630. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02580B. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1039%2FD3RA02580B%22">10.1039/D3RA02580B)</searchLink><br />Saini RD (2018) Synthetic textile dyes: constitution, dying process and environmental impacts. Asian J Res Chem 11:206–214. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E5958%2F0974-4150%2E2018%2E00040%2E8%22">10.5958/0974-4150.2018.00040.8)</searchLink><br />Sankhla MS, Verma RK, Nagar V, Sharma V, Jain D, Sharma A, Kumar S, Awasthi KK, Pandey H, Pandey K (2024) Eggshell nanosheets: synthesis, properties, and their forensic applications in latent friction ridges development. Macromolecular Symposia. Wiley Online Library, p 2300038.<br />Sears VG, Bleay SM, Bandes HL, Bowman VJ (2012) A methodology for finger mark research. Sci Justice 52:145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.006. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Escijus%2E2011%2E10%2E006%22">10.1016/j.scijus.2011.10.006)</searchLink><br />Sessa C, Vila A, García JF (2011) Determination of detection limits for SEM-EDS and m-FTIR analysis of artwork. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:2241–2251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4881-y. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1007%2Fs00216-011-4881-y%22">10.1007/s00216-011-4881-y)</searchLink><br />Sodhi GS, Kaur J (2012) A novel fluorescent small particle reagent for detecting latent fingerprints on wet non-porous items. Egypt J Forensic Sci 2:45–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.04.004. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eejfs%2E2012%2E04%2E004%22">10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.04.004)</searchLink><br />Springer E, Bergman P (1995) A fluorescent small particle reagent (SPR). J Forensic Identif 45:164–168.<br />Topala CM, Paunescu A, Soare LC (2019) ATR - FTIR spectral analysis of ferns using as fingerprint for identification of fern species. Rev Chim 70:875–880. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7024. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E37358%2Frc%2E19%2E3%2E7024%22">10.37358/rc.19.3.7024)</searchLink><br />Trapecar M (2012) Fingerprint recovery from wet transparent foil. Egypt J Forensic Sci 2:126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.08.001. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eejfs%2E2012%2E08%2E001%22">10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.08.001)</searchLink><br />Walia M, Joshi B, Kaur J, Sodhi GS, Verma K (2024) A comprehensive review of small particle reagent efficacy in developing latent fingerprints immersed in water: an empirical analysis. Res J Pharm Technol 17:4110–4116. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E52711%2F0974-360X%2E2024%2E00637%22">10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00637)</searchLink><br />Wang X, Mansukhani ND, Guiney LM, Ji Z, Chang CH, Wang M, Liao Y, Song T, Sun B, Li R (2015) Differences in the toxicological potential of 2D versus aggregated molybdenum disulfide in the lung. Small 11:5079–5087. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1002%2Fsmll%2E201500906%22">10.1002/smll.201500906)</searchLink><br />Yang Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Martín JD (2022) Bioavailability and health risk of toxic heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) in urban soils: a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Environ Res 214:113772. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eenvres%2E2022%2E113772%22">10.1016/j.envres.2022.113772)</searchLink><br />Yong YT, Zakaria Y, Nik Hassan NF (2020) Recovery of latent fingermarks from burial environments. Egypt J Forensic Sci. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-020-00206-2. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1186%2Fs41935-020-00206-2%22">10.1186/s41935-020-00206-2)</searchLink><br />Zabit SHM, Hassan NFN, Rajan R (2024) Zero waste latent fingermark developing nanopowder from eggshells. Malaysian J Microsc 20:246–258.<br />Zadora G, Brożek-Mucha Z (2003) SEM–EDX—a useful tool for forensic examinations. Mater Chem Phys 81:345–348. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2FS0254-0584%2803%2900018-X%22">10.1016/S0254-0584(03)00018-X)</searchLink><br />Zhang M, Ou Y, Du X, Li X, Huang H, Wen Y, Zhang X (2017) Systematic study of dye loaded small mesoporous silica nanoparticles for detecting latent fingerprints on various substrates. J Porous Mater 24:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-016-0231-y. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1007%2Fs10934-016-0231-y%22">10.1007/s10934-016-0231-y)</searchLink> – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Eco-friendly SPR; Green forensic; Latent fingerprint; SPR; Small particle reagent; Water-immersed fingerprint; Wet fingerprint – Name: NumberCAS Label: Substance Nomenclature Group: ID Data: H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)<br />059QF0KO0R (Water)<br />0 (Surface-Active Agents)<br />0 (Indicators and Reagents) – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20251217 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260930 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260930 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20261001 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1007/s11356-025-37277-4 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 41405682 |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=41405682 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s11356-025-37277-4 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: 14756 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Calcium Carbonate chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Surface-Active Agents chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Animals Type: general – SubjectFull: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Type: general – SubjectFull: Chickens Type: general – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: X-Ray Diffraction Type: general – SubjectFull: Particle Size Type: general – SubjectFull: Water Type: general – SubjectFull: Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission Type: general – SubjectFull: Indicators and Reagents Type: general – SubjectFull: Egg Shell chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Forensic Sciences methods Type: general – SubjectFull: Dermatoglyphics Type: general – SubjectFull: Green Chemistry Technology Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Green forensics: characterization and application of an eco-friendly eggshell-derived small particle reagent for water-submerged latent fingerprint development. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Walia M – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Joshi B – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kaur J – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Sodhi GS – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bhati K – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Verma K IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 08 Text: 2026 Aug Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1614-7499 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 33 – Type: issue Value: 29 Titles: – TitleFull: Environmental science and pollution research international Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |