Academic Journal
Exploring New Pathways of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Formation: The Role of Hypochlorous Acid and Potassium Cyanate in Protein Modification.
| Τίτλος: | Exploring New Pathways of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Formation: The Role of Hypochlorous Acid and Potassium Cyanate in Protein Modification. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Stein CDS; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Rossato BG; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Ramos AP; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Bochi GV; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Moresco RN; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. |
| Πηγή: | Cell biochemistry and function [Cell Biochem Funct] 2025 Dec; Vol. 43 (12), pp. e70155. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8305874 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1099-0844 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02636484 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cell Biochem Funct Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Oxford, England : Wiley-Blackwell Original Publication: Guildford, Surrey : Butterworth Scientific Ltd., c1983- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Hypochlorous Acid*/pharmacology , Hypochlorous Acid*/chemistry , Cyanates*/pharmacology , Cyanates*/chemistry , Advanced Oxidation Protein Products*/metabolism , Advanced Oxidation Protein Products*/chemistry , gamma-Globulins*/metabolism , gamma-Globulins*/chemistry, Protein Carbamylation/drug effects ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects ; Protein Carbonylation/drug effects ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Humans ; Animals |
| Περίληψη: | Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are generated from oxidation that is mainly promoted by the action of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on proteins, such as albumin. However, new pathways and targets associated with AOPP formation must be identified and thoroughly evaluated. Non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (NEPTMs), such as protein carbamylation, are relevant in chronic kidney disease and other inflammation-related processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether incubating HOCl with gamma globulins promotes AOPP formation and whether potassium cyanate (KOCN)-induced carbamylation of albumin and gamma globulins is a new pathway for AOPP formation. Solutions comprising 451 and 86 μM of albumin and gamma globulins, respectively, were incubated with HOCl (2 and 4 mM) and KOCN (150 nM and 150 μM) for 30 min, and then AOPP formation and the concentrations of protein carbonyl and homocitrulline were monitored. Notably, HOCl-induced oxidation of gamma globulins and albumin increased AOPP production. Gamma globulins also generated a higher amount of AOPP than albumin. Exposure of albumin and gamma globulins to HOCl resulted in a significant increase in protein carbonyl content, whereas exposure to KOCN led to a significant increase in homocitrulline. These findings suggest that gamma globulins are a new target of AOPP and KOCN participates in an alternate pathway of AOPP formation, thereby providing a new hypothesis regarding the pathways of AOPP formation during inflammation. (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) |
| References: | G. Colombo, M. Clerici, D. Giustarini, R. Rossi, A. Milzani, and I. Dalle‐Donne, “Redox Albuminomics: Oxidized Albumin in Human Diseases,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 17 (2012): 1515–1527. V. Witko‐Sarsat, M. Friedlander, C. Capeillère‐Blandin, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products as a Novel Marker of Oxidative Stress in Uremia,” Kidney International 49 (1996): 1304–1313. G. V. Bochi, V. D. Torbitz, L. P. Cargnin, J. de Carvalho, P. Gomes, and R. N. Moresco, “An Alternative Pathway Through the Fenton Reaction for the Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, a New Class of Inflammatory Mediators,” Inflammation 37 (2014): 512–521. G. V. Bochi, V. D. Torbitz, L. P. de Campos, et al., “In Vitro Oxidation of Collagen Promotes the Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and the Activation of Human Neutrophils,” Inflammation 39 (2016): 916–927. V. D. Torbitz, G. V. Bochi, J. A. M. de Carvalho, R. Vaucher, J. da Silva, and R. N. Moresco, “In Vitro Oxidation of Fibrinogen Promotes Functional Alterations and Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, an Inflammation Mediator,” Inflammation 38 (2015): 1201–1206. F. Heidari, S. Rabizadeh, A. Rajab, et al., “Advanced Glycation End‐Products and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Levels Are Correlates of Duration of Type 2 Diabetes,” Life Sciences 260 (2020): 118422. X. Li, L. Xu, X. Hou, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Aggravate Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis Through Protein Kinase C‐Dependent Mitochondrial Injury in Early Diabetic Nephropathy,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 30 (2019): 1162–1185. Z. Liu, X. Yao, W. Jiang, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Induce Microglia‐Mediated Neuroinflammation Via MAPKs‐NF‐κB Signaling Pathway and Pyroptosis After Secondary Spinal Cord Injury,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 17 (2020): 90. C. R. Liao, S. N. Wang, S. Y. Zhu, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Increase TNF‐α and IL‐1β Expression in Chondrocytes Via NADPH Oxidase 4 and Accelerate Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis Progression,” Redox Biology 28 (2020): 101306. S. Kalim, A. H. Berg, S. A. Karumanchi, et al., “Protein Carbamylation and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 37 (2021): 139–147. Z. Wang, S. J. Nicholls, E. R. Rodriguez, et al., “Protein Carbamylation Links Inflammation, Smoking, Uremia and Atherogenesis,” Nature Medicine 13 (2007): 1176–1184. S. Delanghe, J. R. Delanghe, R. Speeckaert, W. Van Biesen, and M. M. Speeckaert, “Mechanisms and Consequences of Carbamoylation,” Nature Reviews Nephrology 13 (2017): 580–593. M. B. Kok, F. P. W. Tegelaers, B. van Dam, J. van Rijn, and J. van Pelt, “Carbamylation of Albumin Is a Cause for Discrepancies Between Albumin Assays,” Clinica Chimica Acta 434 (2014): 6–10. M. Hanasand, R. Omdal, K. B. Norheim, L. G. Gøransson, C. Brede, and G. Jonsson, “Improved Detection of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products in Plasma,” Clinica Chimica Acta 413 (2012): 901–906. M. A. Ghaffari and M. Shanaki, “In vitro Inhibition of Low Density Lipoprotein Carbamylation by Vitamins, as an Ameliorating Atherosclerotic Risk in Uremic Patients,” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 70 (2010): 122–127. P. C. Burcham, “Modified Protein Carbonyl Assay Detects Oxidised Membrane Proteins: A New Tool for Assessing Drug‐ and Chemically‐Induced Oxidative Cell Injury,” Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 56 (2007): 18–22. D. I. Pattison, C. L. Hawkins, and M. J. Davies, “Hypochlorous Acid‐Mediated Protein Oxidation: How Important Are Chloramine Transfer Reactions and Protein Tertiary Structure?,” Biochemistry 46 (2007): 9853–9864. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: advanced oxidation protein products; albumin; carbamylation; gamma globulins; potassium cyanate |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 712K4CDC10 (Hypochlorous Acid) 0 (Cyanates) 0 (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products) 0 (gamma-Globulins) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251217 Date Completed: 20251217 Latest Revision: 20251217 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/cbf.70155 |
| PMID: | 41405137 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 CustomLinks: – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=10990844&ISBN=&volume=43&issue=12&date=20251201&spage=e70155&pages=e70155&title=Cell biochemistry and function&atitle=Exploring%20New%20Pathways%20of%20Advanced%20Oxidation%20Protein%20Products%20Formation%3A%20The%20Role%20of%20Hypochlorous%20Acid%20and%20Potassium%20Cyanate%20in%20Protein%20Modification.&aulast=Stein%20CDS&id=DOI:10.1002/cbf.70155 Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271) Category: fullText Text: Full Text Finder MouseOverText: Full Text Finder |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Exploring New Pathways of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Formation: The Role of Hypochlorous Acid and Potassium Cyanate in Protein Modification. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Stein+CDS%22">Stein CDS</searchLink>; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rossato+BG%22">Rossato BG</searchLink>; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ramos+AP%22">Ramos AP</searchLink>; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bochi+GV%22">Bochi GV</searchLink>; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Moresco+RN%22">Moresco RN</searchLink>; Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%228305874%22">Cell biochemistry and function</searchLink> [Cell Biochem Funct] 2025 Dec; Vol. 43 (12), pp. e70155. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Wiley-Blackwell%22">Wiley-Blackwell </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>8305874 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1099-0844 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2202636484%22">02636484 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Cell Biochem Funct <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: Oxford, England : Wiley-Blackwell<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Guildford, Surrey : Butterworth Scientific Ltd., c1983- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hypochlorous+Acid%22">Hypochlorous Acid*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hypochlorous+Acid+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hypochlorous+Acid%22">Hypochlorous Acid*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hypochlorous+Acid+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cyanates%22">Cyanates*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cyanates+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cyanates%22">Cyanates*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cyanates+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Advanced+Oxidation+Protein+Products%22">Advanced Oxidation Protein Products*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Advanced+Oxidation+Protein+Products+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Advanced+Oxidation+Protein+Products%22">Advanced Oxidation Protein Products*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Advanced+Oxidation+Protein+Products+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22gamma-Globulins%22">gamma-Globulins*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22gamma-Globulins+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22gamma-Globulins%22">gamma-Globulins*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22gamma-Globulins+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Carbamylation%22">Protein Carbamylation</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Carbamylation+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Processing%2C+Post-Translational%22">Protein Processing, Post-Translational</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Processing%2C+Post-Translational+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Carbonylation%22">Protein Carbonylation</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Protein+Carbonylation+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Oxidation-Reduction%22">Oxidation-Reduction</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are generated from oxidation that is mainly promoted by the action of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on proteins, such as albumin. However, new pathways and targets associated with AOPP formation must be identified and thoroughly evaluated. Non-enzymatic post-translational modifications (NEPTMs), such as protein carbamylation, are relevant in chronic kidney disease and other inflammation-related processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether incubating HOCl with gamma globulins promotes AOPP formation and whether potassium cyanate (KOCN)-induced carbamylation of albumin and gamma globulins is a new pathway for AOPP formation. Solutions comprising 451 and 86 μM of albumin and gamma globulins, respectively, were incubated with HOCl (2 and 4 mM) and KOCN (150 nM and 150 μM) for 30 min, and then AOPP formation and the concentrations of protein carbonyl and homocitrulline were monitored. Notably, HOCl-induced oxidation of gamma globulins and albumin increased AOPP production. Gamma globulins also generated a higher amount of AOPP than albumin. Exposure of albumin and gamma globulins to HOCl resulted in a significant increase in protein carbonyl content, whereas exposure to KOCN led to a significant increase in homocitrulline. These findings suggest that gamma globulins are a new target of AOPP and KOCN participates in an alternate pathway of AOPP formation, thereby providing a new hypothesis regarding the pathways of AOPP formation during inflammation.<br /> (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: G. Colombo, M. Clerici, D. Giustarini, R. Rossi, A. Milzani, and I. Dalle‐Donne, “Redox Albuminomics: Oxidized Albumin in Human Diseases,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 17 (2012): 1515–1527.<br />V. Witko‐Sarsat, M. Friedlander, C. Capeillère‐Blandin, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products as a Novel Marker of Oxidative Stress in Uremia,” Kidney International 49 (1996): 1304–1313.<br />G. V. Bochi, V. D. Torbitz, L. P. Cargnin, J. de Carvalho, P. Gomes, and R. N. Moresco, “An Alternative Pathway Through the Fenton Reaction for the Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, a New Class of Inflammatory Mediators,” Inflammation 37 (2014): 512–521.<br />G. V. Bochi, V. D. Torbitz, L. P. de Campos, et al., “In Vitro Oxidation of Collagen Promotes the Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and the Activation of Human Neutrophils,” Inflammation 39 (2016): 916–927.<br />V. D. Torbitz, G. V. Bochi, J. A. M. de Carvalho, R. Vaucher, J. da Silva, and R. N. Moresco, “In Vitro Oxidation of Fibrinogen Promotes Functional Alterations and Formation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, an Inflammation Mediator,” Inflammation 38 (2015): 1201–1206.<br />F. Heidari, S. Rabizadeh, A. Rajab, et al., “Advanced Glycation End‐Products and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Levels Are Correlates of Duration of Type 2 Diabetes,” Life Sciences 260 (2020): 118422.<br />X. Li, L. Xu, X. Hou, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Aggravate Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis Through Protein Kinase C‐Dependent Mitochondrial Injury in Early Diabetic Nephropathy,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 30 (2019): 1162–1185.<br />Z. Liu, X. Yao, W. Jiang, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Induce Microglia‐Mediated Neuroinflammation Via MAPKs‐NF‐κB Signaling Pathway and Pyroptosis After Secondary Spinal Cord Injury,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 17 (2020): 90.<br />C. R. Liao, S. N. Wang, S. Y. Zhu, et al., “Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Increase TNF‐α and IL‐1β Expression in Chondrocytes Via NADPH Oxidase 4 and Accelerate Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis Progression,” Redox Biology 28 (2020): 101306.<br />S. Kalim, A. H. Berg, S. A. Karumanchi, et al., “Protein Carbamylation and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study,” Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 37 (2021): 139–147.<br />Z. Wang, S. J. Nicholls, E. R. Rodriguez, et al., “Protein Carbamylation Links Inflammation, Smoking, Uremia and Atherogenesis,” Nature Medicine 13 (2007): 1176–1184.<br />S. Delanghe, J. R. Delanghe, R. Speeckaert, W. Van Biesen, and M. M. Speeckaert, “Mechanisms and Consequences of Carbamoylation,” Nature Reviews Nephrology 13 (2017): 580–593.<br />M. B. Kok, F. P. W. Tegelaers, B. van Dam, J. van Rijn, and J. van Pelt, “Carbamylation of Albumin Is a Cause for Discrepancies Between Albumin Assays,” Clinica Chimica Acta 434 (2014): 6–10.<br />M. Hanasand, R. Omdal, K. B. Norheim, L. G. Gøransson, C. Brede, and G. Jonsson, “Improved Detection of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products in Plasma,” Clinica Chimica Acta 413 (2012): 901–906.<br />M. A. Ghaffari and M. Shanaki, “In vitro Inhibition of Low Density Lipoprotein Carbamylation by Vitamins, as an Ameliorating Atherosclerotic Risk in Uremic Patients,” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 70 (2010): 122–127.<br />P. C. Burcham, “Modified Protein Carbonyl Assay Detects Oxidised Membrane Proteins: A New Tool for Assessing Drug‐ and Chemically‐Induced Oxidative Cell Injury,” Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 56 (2007): 18–22.<br />D. I. Pattison, C. L. Hawkins, and M. J. Davies, “Hypochlorous Acid‐Mediated Protein Oxidation: How Important Are Chloramine Transfer Reactions and Protein Tertiary Structure?,” Biochemistry 46 (2007): 9853–9864. – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>advanced oxidation protein products; albumin; carbamylation; gamma globulins; potassium cyanate – Name: NumberCAS Label: Substance Nomenclature Group: ID Data: 712K4CDC10 (Hypochlorous Acid)<br />0 (Cyanates)<br />0 (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products)<br />0 (gamma-Globulins) – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20251217 <i>Date Completed: </i>20251217 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20251217 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260130 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1002/cbf.70155 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 41405137 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1002/cbf.70155 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: e70155 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Protein Carbamylation drug effects Type: general – SubjectFull: Protein Processing, Post-Translational drug effects Type: general – SubjectFull: Protein Carbonylation drug effects Type: general – SubjectFull: Oxidation-Reduction Type: general – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: Animals Type: general – SubjectFull: Hypochlorous Acid pharmacology Type: general – SubjectFull: Hypochlorous Acid chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Cyanates pharmacology Type: general – SubjectFull: Cyanates chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: Advanced Oxidation Protein Products metabolism Type: general – SubjectFull: Advanced Oxidation Protein Products chemistry Type: general – SubjectFull: gamma-Globulins metabolism Type: general – SubjectFull: gamma-Globulins chemistry Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Exploring New Pathways of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Formation: The Role of Hypochlorous Acid and Potassium Cyanate in Protein Modification. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Stein CDS – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Rossato BG – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ramos AP – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bochi GV – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Moresco RN IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 12 Text: 2025 Dec Type: published Y: 2025 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1099-0844 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 43 – Type: issue Value: 12 Titles: – TitleFull: Cell biochemistry and function Type: main |
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