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STimulated emission depletion (STED) magnetic particle imaging.

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Τίτλος: STimulated emission depletion (STED) magnetic particle imaging.
Συγγραφείς: Jia G; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Bian Z; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China., Li T; School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, China., Gou Y; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Hu C; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Li Y; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Bai S; School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, China., Gao P; School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Li W; National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China., Luo J; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Peng M; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Li T; School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China., Hui H; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China., Tian J; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
Πηγή: Medical physics [Med Phys] 2025 Dec; Vol. 52 (12), pp. e70188.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0425746 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2473-4209 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00942405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Med Phys Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2017- : Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Original Publication: Lancaster, Pa., Published for the American Assn. of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Magnetite Nanoparticles*, Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/instrumentation ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Humans
Περίληψη: Background: Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an in vivo method for detecting magnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking and molecular target imaging. Recently developed human-sized MPI scanners allow a spatial resolution of only 5-10 mm. High-resolution MPI is required to precisely locate the magnetic nanoparticles in living organisms.
Purpose: This study proposed a high-resolution imaging method by introducing the STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) fluorescence microscopy principle via a donut-shaped point spread function (PSF).
Methods: We searched for the donut focal spot by adding a direct current offset stimulation magnetic field in the direction of the excitation field and receiver coil in MPI. When the offset stimulation field is greater than the excitation field amplitude, a donut-shaped focal spot can be formed and the donut radius increases with the offset field amplitude. The formation of the donut focal spot was theoretically evaluated, and the center signal of the donut focal spot was depleted with a strict explanation. The point-source phantom was experimentally imaged on a field-free-point-based MPI scanner and exhibited a donut-shaped line profile under a large offset stimulation field. The phantom images were simulated on a field-free-line-based MPI scanner to generate donut-shaped PSFs and images.
Results: By applying an optimized STED factor in the subtraction of the donut PSF from the regular Gaussian PSF, a much smaller PSF could be obtained for deconvolution-based image reconstruction. The reconstructed images exhibited sub-millimeter resolution, small root mean square error, high peak signal-to-noise ratio, and high structural similarity index.
Conclusion: The donut-shaped PSF obtained using the STED imaging method can be used to improve the MPI resolution by breaking the Langevin magnetization barrier.
(© 2025 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
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Wang Q, Ma X, Liao H, et al. Artificially engineered cubic iron oxide nanoparticle as a high‐performance magnetic particle imaging tracer for stem cell tracking. ACS Nano. 2020;14:2053‐2062. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08660.
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Kaul MG, Mummert T, Graeser M, et al. Pulmonary blood volume estimation in mice by magnetic particle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4848. doi: 10.1038/s41598‐021‐84276‐9.
Hartung V, Gruschwitz P, Augustin AM, et al. Magnetic particle imaging angiography of the femoral artery in a human cadaveric perfusion model. Commun Med. 2025;5:75. doi: 10.1038/s43856‐025‐00794‐x.
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Kaur S, Brkljača R, Shahbazi M, et al. Molecularly restructured artificial co‐magnetosomes with improved magnetic properties as a tracer for magnetic particle imaging. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2025;8:3050‐3063. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.4c06759.
Wu X, Gao P, Zhang P, et al. Cross‐domain knowledge transfer based parallel‐cascaded multi‐scale attention network for limited view reconstruction in projection magnetic particle imaging. Comput Biol Med. 2023;158:106809. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106809.
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Grant Information: 2022YFB3203800 National Key Research and Development Program of China; 82227802 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 62471370 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 62471320 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 2022JH1/10500004 Key Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: donut‐shaped focal spot; field‐free line; magnetic particle imaging; point spread function; stimulated emission depletion
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Magnetite Nanoparticles)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251213 Date Completed: 20251213 Latest Revision: 20251213
Update Code: 20260130
DOI: 10.1002/mp.70188
PMID: 41389017
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: STimulated emission depletion (STED) magnetic particle imaging.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jia+G%22">Jia G</searchLink>; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bian+Z%22">Bian Z</searchLink>; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+T%22">Li T</searchLink>; School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gou+Y%22">Gou Y</searchLink>; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hu+C%22">Hu C</searchLink>; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+Y%22">Li Y</searchLink>; School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bai+S%22">Bai S</searchLink>; School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gao+P%22">Gao P</searchLink>; School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+W%22">Li W</searchLink>; National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Luo+J%22">Luo J</searchLink>; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Peng+M%22">Peng M</searchLink>; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+T%22">Li T</searchLink>; School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hui+H%22">Hui H</searchLink>; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tian+J%22">Tian J</searchLink>; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc%22">John Wiley and Sons, Inc </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>0425746 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2473-4209 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200942405%22">00942405 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Med Phys <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: 2017- : Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons, Inc.<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Lancaster, Pa., Published for the American Assn. of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetite+Nanoparticles%22">Magnetite Nanoparticles*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Fluorescence%22">Microscopy, Fluorescence</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Fluorescence+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Fluorescence%22">Microscopy, Fluorescence</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Fluorescence+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Phantoms%2C+Imaging%22">Phantoms, Imaging</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an in vivo method for detecting magnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking and molecular target imaging. Recently developed human-sized MPI scanners allow a spatial resolution of only 5-10 mm. High-resolution MPI is required to precisely locate the magnetic nanoparticles in living organisms.<br />Purpose: This study proposed a high-resolution imaging method by introducing the STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) fluorescence microscopy principle via a donut-shaped point spread function (PSF).<br />Methods: We searched for the donut focal spot by adding a direct current offset stimulation magnetic field in the direction of the excitation field and receiver coil in MPI. When the offset stimulation field is greater than the excitation field amplitude, a donut-shaped focal spot can be formed and the donut radius increases with the offset field amplitude. The formation of the donut focal spot was theoretically evaluated, and the center signal of the donut focal spot was depleted with a strict explanation. The point-source phantom was experimentally imaged on a field-free-point-based MPI scanner and exhibited a donut-shaped line profile under a large offset stimulation field. The phantom images were simulated on a field-free-line-based MPI scanner to generate donut-shaped PSFs and images.<br />Results: By applying an optimized STED factor in the subtraction of the donut PSF from the regular Gaussian PSF, a much smaller PSF could be obtained for deconvolution-based image reconstruction. The reconstructed images exhibited sub-millimeter resolution, small root mean square error, high peak signal-to-noise ratio, and high structural similarity index.<br />Conclusion: The donut-shaped PSF obtained using the STED imaging method can be used to improve the MPI resolution by breaking the Langevin magnetization barrier.<br /> (© 2025 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Tay RE, P L, Pang ST, et al. High‐efficiency magnetophoretic labelling of adoptively‐transferred T cells for longitudinal in vivo magnetic particle imaging. Theranostics. 2024;14:6138‐6160. doi: 10.7150/thno.95527.<br />Wang Q, Ma X, Liao H, et al. Artificially engineered cubic iron oxide nanoparticle as a high‐performance magnetic particle imaging tracer for stem cell tracking. ACS Nano. 2020;14:2053‐2062. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08660.<br />Pacheco MO, Gerzenshtein IK, Stoppel WL, Rinaldi‐Ramos CM. Advances in vascular diagnostics using magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for blood circulation assessment. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2024;13:e2400612. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202400612.<br />Kaul MG, Mummert T, Graeser M, et al. Pulmonary blood volume estimation in mice by magnetic particle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4848. doi: 10.1038/s41598‐021‐84276‐9.<br />Hartung V, Gruschwitz P, Augustin AM, et al. Magnetic particle imaging angiography of the femoral artery in a human cadaveric perfusion model. Commun Med. 2025;5:75. doi: 10.1038/s43856‐025‐00794‐x.<br />Bakenecker AC, Schumacher J, Blumler P, Grafe K, Ahlborg M, M Buzug T. A concept for a magnetic particle imaging scanner with Halbach arrays. Phys Med Biol. 2020;65:195014. doi: 10.1088/1361‐6560/ab7e7e.<br />Kaur S, Brkljača R, Shahbazi M, et al. Molecularly restructured artificial co‐magnetosomes with improved magnetic properties as a tracer for magnetic particle imaging. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2025;8:3050‐3063. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.4c06759.<br />Wu X, Gao P, Zhang P, et al. Cross‐domain knowledge transfer based parallel‐cascaded multi‐scale attention network for limited view reconstruction in projection magnetic particle imaging. Comput Biol Med. 2023;158:106809. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106809.<br />Mattingly E, Śliwiak M, Mason E, et al. Design, construction and validation of a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) system for human brain imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2025;70:015019. doi: 10.1088/1361‐6560/ad9db0.<br />Gillett D, MacFarlane J, Bashari W, et al. Molecular imaging of pituitary tumors. Semin Nucl Med. 2023;53:530‐538. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.02.005.<br />Le TA, Bui MP, Hadadian Y, et al. Toward human‐scale magnetic particle imaging: development of the first system with superconductor‐based selection coils. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2024;43:4266‐4280. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2024.3419427.<br />Tay ZW, Hensley D, Ma J, et al. Pulsed excitation in magnetic particle imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2019;38:2389‐2399. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2019.2898202.<br />Zou W, Shi G, Lei S, et al. U‐N2C: a dual memory‐guided disentanglement framework for unsupervised system matrix denoising in magnetic particle imaging. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2025;34:2867‐2882. doi: 10.1109/TIP.2025.3564845.<br />Shen Y, Zhang L, Shang Y, et al. An adaptive multi‐frame parallel iterative method for accelerating real‐time magnetic particle imaging reconstruction. Phys Med Biol. 2023;68:245016. doi: 10.1088/1361‐6560/ad078d.<br />Hayat H, Sun A, Hayat H, et al. Artificial intelligence analysis of magnetic particle imaging for islet transplantation in a mouse model. Mol Imaging Biol. 2021;23:18‐29. doi: 10.1007/s11307‐020‐01533‐5.<br />Davida A, Basari B. The hardware, tracer, and signal processing methods of magnetic particle imaging: a review. J Appl Phys. 2024;136:220701. doi: 10.1063/5.0220219.<br />Siadat M, Aghazadeh N, Akbarifard F, Brismar H, Öktem O. Joint image deconvolution and separation using mixed dictionaries. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2019;28:3936‐3945. doi: 10.1109/TIP.2019.2903316.<br />Samuylov DK, Purwar P, Székely G, Paul G. Modeling point spread function in fluorescence microscopy with a sparse Gaussian mixture: tradeoff between accuracy and efficiency. 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  Data: 2022YFB3203800 National Key Research and Development Program of China; 82227802 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 62471370 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 62471320 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 2022JH1/10500004 Key Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>donut‐shaped focal spot; field‐free line; magnetic particle imaging; point spread function; stimulated emission depletion
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              Text: 2025 Dec
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