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Randomized Trial Shows Smartphone Support App for DWI Offenders and Their Families Reduced Alcohol Use and Ignition Interlock Device Lockouts.

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Title: Randomized Trial Shows Smartphone Support App for DWI Offenders and Their Families Reduced Alcohol Use and Ignition Interlock Device Lockouts.
Authors: Woodall WG; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado., McCrady BS; Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico., Westerberg V; Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico., Berteletti J; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado., Martinez L; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado., Brooks M; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado., Starke T; Impact DWI, Santa Fe, New Mexico., Chirico N; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.
Source: Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs [J Stud Alcohol Drugs] 2026 Jul; Vol. 87 (4), pp. 812-820. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 11.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101295847 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1938-4114 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19371888 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Stud Alcohol Drugs Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Piscataway, NJ : Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, c2007-
MeSH Terms: Driving Under the Influence*/prevention & control , Alcohol Drinking*/prevention & control , Alcohol Drinking*/epidemiology , Alcohol Drinking*/psychology , Family*/psychology , Alcoholic Intoxication*/prevention & control , Criminals*/psychology , Smartphone* , Mobile Applications*, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult
Abstract: Objective: Driving while intoxicated (DWI) remains a preventable source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Ignition interlock devices (IIDs) are used to prevent DWI offenders from driving while intoxicated during a mandated installation period and are effective during that time. Once IIDs are removed, DWI rates are similar to levels for offenders who had no IID. This study tested the efficacy of a smartphone app (B-SMART) for DWI offenders with an IID and concerned family members (CFMs), with the goal of reducing IID lockout events and alcohol consumption.
Method: Four B-SMART app modules were developed: (a) Life with Interlock, (b) Supporting Changes in Drinking, (c) Doing Things Together, and (d) Effective Communication. Participants (pairs of DWI offenders and CFMs) were randomly assigned to receive the B-SMART app (n = 58) or referral to a state IID information page (usual and customary [UC] condition, n = 65) and followed for 9 months after randomization. IID data (failed tests and lockout events) were obtained from IID providers as the primary outcome variables. Offender and CFM reports of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days before assessment were secondary measures.
Results: IID data were collected on 62% (N = 76) of participants. B-SMART participants had significantly fewer lockout events than UC participants. B-SMART offenders and their CFMs reported significantly less likelihood of DWI offender drinking at 9 months.
Conclusions: Results suggest that the B-SMART app reduced IID lockout events and DWI offender alcohol consumption. These outcomes are important because fewer IID lockout events predict lower DWI recidivism.
References: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD005244. (PMID: 18646123)
Addiction. 1999 Dec;94(12):1849-59. (PMID: 10717963)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD004168. (PMID: 15495082)
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2016 Aug 08;4(3):e98. (PMID: 27502956)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 23;19(1):. (PMID: 35010392)
Traffic Inj Prev. 2006 Sep;7(3):213-8. (PMID: 16990234)
J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2025 Jan;168:209565. (PMID: 39500443)
J Stud Alcohol. 1997 Jul;58(4):358-64. (PMID: 9203116)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jul;37(7):1243-51. (PMID: 23442206)
Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2523-2540. (PMID: 39060442)
J Med Internet Res. 2016 Oct 31;18(11):e287. (PMID: 27806926)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Feb;34(2):292-301. (PMID: 19930236)
J Stud Alcohol. 1995 Mar;56(2):168-72. (PMID: 7760562)
Grant Information: R44 AA022850 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251211 Date Completed: 20260708 Latest Revision: 20260730
Update Code: 20260730
PubMed Central ID: PMC12875357
DOI: 10.15288/jsad.25-00171
PMID: 41379082
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Randomized Trial Shows Smartphone Support App for DWI Offenders and Their Families Reduced Alcohol Use and Ignition Interlock Device Lockouts.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Woodall+WG%22">Woodall WG</searchLink>; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22McCrady+BS%22">McCrady BS</searchLink>; Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Westerberg+V%22">Westerberg V</searchLink>; Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Berteletti+J%22">Berteletti J</searchLink>; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Martinez+L%22">Martinez L</searchLink>; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Brooks+M%22">Brooks M</searchLink>; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Starke+T%22">Starke T</searchLink>; Impact DWI, Santa Fe, New Mexico.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chirico+N%22">Chirico N</searchLink>; Klein-Buendel, Golden, Colorado.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101295847%22">Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs</searchLink> [J Stud Alcohol Drugs] 2026 Jul; Vol. 87 (4), pp. 812-820. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Dec 11.
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  Data: Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Alcohol+Research+Documentation%2C+Inc%2E%2C+Rutgers%2C+The+State+University+of+New+Jersey%22">Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>101295847 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1938-4114 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2219371888%22">19371888 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Stud Alcohol Drugs <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Piscataway, NJ : Alcohol Research Documentation, Inc., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, c2007-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Driving+Under+the+Influence%22">Driving Under the Influence*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Driving+Under+the+Influence+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking%22">Alcohol Drinking*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking%22">Alcohol Drinking*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking+epidemiology%22">epidemiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking%22">Alcohol Drinking*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcohol+Drinking+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Family%22">Family*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Family+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcoholic+Intoxication%22">Alcoholic Intoxication*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Alcoholic+Intoxication+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Criminals%22">Criminals*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Criminals+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Smartphone%22">Smartphone*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Mobile+Applications%22">Mobile Applications*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: Driving while intoxicated (DWI) remains a preventable source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Ignition interlock devices (IIDs) are used to prevent DWI offenders from driving while intoxicated during a mandated installation period and are effective during that time. Once IIDs are removed, DWI rates are similar to levels for offenders who had no IID. This study tested the efficacy of a smartphone app (B-SMART) for DWI offenders with an IID and concerned family members (CFMs), with the goal of reducing IID lockout events and alcohol consumption.<br />Method: Four B-SMART app modules were developed: (a) Life with Interlock, (b) Supporting Changes in Drinking, (c) Doing Things Together, and (d) Effective Communication. Participants (pairs of DWI offenders and CFMs) were randomly assigned to receive the B-SMART app (n = 58) or referral to a state IID information page (usual and customary [UC] condition, n = 65) and followed for 9 months after randomization. IID data (failed tests and lockout events) were obtained from IID providers as the primary outcome variables. Offender and CFM reports of alcohol consumption in the last 30 days before assessment were secondary measures.<br />Results: IID data were collected on 62% (N = 76) of participants. B-SMART participants had significantly fewer lockout events than UC participants. B-SMART offenders and their CFMs reported significantly less likelihood of DWI offender drinking at 9 months.<br />Conclusions: Results suggest that the B-SMART app reduced IID lockout events and DWI offender alcohol consumption. These outcomes are important because fewer IID lockout events predict lower DWI recidivism.
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  Data: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD005244. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218646123%22">18646123)</searchLink><br />Addiction. 1999 Dec;94(12):1849-59. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210717963%22">10717963)</searchLink><br />Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Oct 18;(4):CD004168. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215495082%22">15495082)</searchLink><br />JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2016 Aug 08;4(3):e98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227502956%22">27502956)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 23;19(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235010392%22">35010392)</searchLink><br />Traffic Inj Prev. 2006 Sep;7(3):213-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216990234%22">16990234)</searchLink><br />J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2025 Jan;168:209565. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239500443%22">39500443)</searchLink><br />J Stud Alcohol. 1997 Jul;58(4):358-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229203116%22">9203116)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jul;37(7):1243-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223442206%22">23442206)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2523-2540. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239060442%22">39060442)</searchLink><br />J Med Internet Res. 2016 Oct 31;18(11):e287. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227806926%22">27806926)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Feb;34(2):292-301. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219930236%22">19930236)</searchLink><br />J Stud Alcohol. 1995 Mar;56(2):168-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227760562%22">7760562)</searchLink>
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