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Fermented mealworm extract prevents concurrent bone and muscle loss by modulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK signaling in ovariectomized mice.

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Τίτλος: Fermented mealworm extract prevents concurrent bone and muscle loss by modulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK signaling in ovariectomized mice.
Συγγραφείς: Choi SY; Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea., Lee MK; Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: leemk@scnu.ac.kr.
Πηγή: Bone [Bone] 2026 Mar; Vol. 204, pp. 117757. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Dec 08.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8504048 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-2763 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 18732763 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bone Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: New York : Elsevier Science
Original Publication: Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press, c1985-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): NF-kappa B*/metabolism , RANK Ligand*/metabolism , Signal Transduction*/drug effects , Bone and Bones*/drug effects , Bone and Bones*/pathology , Complex Mixtures*/pharmacology , Complex Mixtures*/therapeutic use , MAP Kinase Signaling System*/drug effects , Ovariectomy* , Fermentation*, Bone Density/drug effects ; Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/pathology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Animals ; Female ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice
Περίληψη: This study investigated whether fermented mealworms extract (FME) can simultaneously improve postmenopausal osteoporosis and muscle atrophy, along with the underlying mechanisms. Female C57BL/6 N mice were divided into five groups: sham-operated, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX treated with two doses of FME (200 and 500 mg/kg, oral), and OVX treated with alendronate (Alen, 500 μg/kg, oral) as a positive control, for 15 weeks. FME500 significantly increased grip strength, whereas FME200 showed no significant improvement compared to the OVX group. Muscle cross-sectional area significantly increased in both FME groups compared to the OVX group. FME500 also enhanced muscle protein synthesis markers (MyoD1 and MHC) and more effectively suppressed muscle degradation markers (MuRF-1, atrogin-1, myostatin, and polyubiquitinated proteins) than FME200. In bone, both FME doses improved bone density and serum levels of RANKL and CTX-1 compared to the OVX group. FME500 more effectively downregulated RANKL, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in both bone and muscle than FME200 in OVX group. Mechanistic analyses were performed mainly in the FME500 group, which downregulated NFκB/MAPK and upregulated IGF-1-PI3K-Akt in both bone and muscle. These results indicate that FME suppresses the postmenopausal concurrent bone and muscle loss by regulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK and IGF-1-PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
(Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Mi-Kyung Lee reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Bone; Fermented Tenebrio molitor larvae extract; RANKL-NFκB/MAPK; Skeletal muscle
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (NF-kappa B)
0 (RANK Ligand)
0 (Tnfsf11 protein, mouse)
0 (Complex Mixtures)
EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251210 Date Completed: 20260114 Latest Revision: 20260713
Update Code: 20260714
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2025.117757
PMID: 41371429
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Fermented mealworm extract prevents concurrent bone and muscle loss by modulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK signaling in ovariectomized mice.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Choi+SY%22">Choi SY</searchLink>; Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lee+MK%22">Lee MK</searchLink>; Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: leemk@scnu.ac.kr.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%228504048%22">Bone</searchLink> [Bone] 2026 Mar; Vol. 204, pp. 117757. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Dec 08.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Elsevier+Science%22">Elsevier Science </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>8504048 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1873-2763 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2218732763%22">18732763 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Bone <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B%22">NF-kappa B*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22NF-kappa+B+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22RANK+Ligand%22">RANK Ligand*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22RANK+Ligand+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Signal+Transduction%22">Signal Transduction*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Signal+Transduction+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bone+and+Bones%22">Bone and Bones*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bone+and+Bones+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bone+and+Bones%22">Bone and Bones*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bone+and+Bones+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Complex+Mixtures%22">Complex Mixtures*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Complex+Mixtures+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Complex+Mixtures%22">Complex Mixtures*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Complex+Mixtures+therapeutic+use%22">therapeutic use</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22MAP+Kinase+Signaling+System%22">MAP Kinase Signaling System*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22MAP+Kinase+Signaling+System+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Ovariectomy%22">Ovariectomy*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Fermentation%22">Fermentation*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bone+Density%22">Bone Density</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bone+Density+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscular+Atrophy%22">Muscular Atrophy</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscular+Atrophy+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscle%2C+Skeletal%22">Muscle, Skeletal</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscle%2C+Skeletal+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscle%2C+Skeletal%22">Muscle, Skeletal</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Muscle%2C+Skeletal+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitogen-Activated+Protein+Kinases%22">Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mitogen-Activated+Protein+Kinases+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22">Mice, Inbred C57BL</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%22">Mice</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigated whether fermented mealworms extract (FME) can simultaneously improve postmenopausal osteoporosis and muscle atrophy, along with the underlying mechanisms. Female C57BL/6 N mice were divided into five groups: sham-operated, ovariectomized (OVX), OVX treated with two doses of FME (200 and 500 mg/kg, oral), and OVX treated with alendronate (Alen, 500 μg/kg, oral) as a positive control, for 15 weeks. FME500 significantly increased grip strength, whereas FME200 showed no significant improvement compared to the OVX group. Muscle cross-sectional area significantly increased in both FME groups compared to the OVX group. FME500 also enhanced muscle protein synthesis markers (MyoD1 and MHC) and more effectively suppressed muscle degradation markers (MuRF-1, atrogin-1, myostatin, and polyubiquitinated proteins) than FME200. In bone, both FME doses improved bone density and serum levels of RANKL and CTX-1 compared to the OVX group. FME500 more effectively downregulated RANKL, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in both bone and muscle than FME200 in OVX group. Mechanistic analyses were performed mainly in the FME500 group, which downregulated NFκB/MAPK and upregulated IGF-1-PI3K-Akt in both bone and muscle. These results indicate that FME suppresses the postmenopausal concurrent bone and muscle loss by regulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK and IGF-1-PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Mi-Kyung Lee reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Bone; Fermented Tenebrio molitor larvae extract; RANKL-NFκB/MAPK; Skeletal muscle
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  Data: 0 (NF-kappa B)<br />0 (RANK Ligand)<br />0 (Tnfsf11 protein, mouse)<br />0 (Complex Mixtures)<br />EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.bone.2025.117757
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 117757
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bone Density drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Muscular Atrophy prevention & control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Muscle, Skeletal drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Muscle, Skeletal pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice, Inbred C57BL
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: NF-kappa B metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: RANK Ligand metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal Transduction drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bone and Bones drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bone and Bones pathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Complex Mixtures pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Complex Mixtures therapeutic use
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: MAP Kinase Signaling System drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ovariectomy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fermentation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Fermented mealworm extract prevents concurrent bone and muscle loss by modulating RANKL-NFκB/MAPK signaling in ovariectomized mice.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Choi SY
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            NameFull: Lee MK
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            – D: 01
              M: 03
              Text: 2026 Mar
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
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              Value: 204
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            – TitleFull: Bone
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