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A mouse-tracking study on visualization of panoramic radiographs among Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology faculty.

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Title: A mouse-tracking study on visualization of panoramic radiographs among Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology faculty.
Authors: Lim LZ; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore., Fong CN; MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore 139691, Singapore., Lee JJY; MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore 139691, Singapore., Cher PH; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore., Sim YF; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore., Lee PP; School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6365, United States.
Source: Dento maxillo facial radiology [Dentomaxillofac Radiol] 2026 May 01; Vol. 55 (4), pp. 327-335.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7609576 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-542X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0250832X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dentomaxillofac Radiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: January 2024- : [Oxford] : Oxford University Press
Original Publication: Erlangen, Germany : University Press Erlangen
MeSH Terms: Radiography, Panoramic*/methods , Faculty, Dental* , Computer Peripherals*, Radiology/education ; Humans ; Algorithms
Abstract: Objectives: Panoramic radiographs (PANs) are a commonly used dental imaging modality and are complex to evaluate. This study aimed to use mouse-tracking technology to identify the visualization characteristics of experienced Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology (OMR) faculty when reviewing PANs and to assess relationships with detection accuracy.
Methods: Seventeen OMR faculty in US dental schools with 5 to 38 years of experience were recruited. Participants were shown 17 PANs (5 "Normal" and 12 "Pathology") over Zoom and instructed to move their mouse cursor in sync with their eye movements. Data collection was based on video recordings with X, Y coordinates auto-detected using mouse-tracking algorithms. Parameters collected included detection accuracy, time taken, completeness of search coverage, revisits and search patterns used.
Results: Most common search patterns were Dental to Periphery (41.5%) and Periphery to Dental (37.7%). The mean accuracy score for all cases with pathology was 84.8%. Except for 2 cases with subtle findings (condylar fracture and fibrous dysplasia), mean accuracy scores ranged from 76.5% to 100%. There were no associations between search patterns and detection accuracy. Participants took longer durations and performed more complete searches with more revisits on "Normal" cases. They were more likely to use shorter search times with smaller coverage and perform single searches when correctly detecting lesions.
Conclusions: Experienced OMRs were able to detect lesions without scanning the entire PAN and within a single search, regardless of the search pattern used.
Advances in Knowledge: This is the first study using mouse-tracking algorithms to evaluate visualization characteristics on PANs. Experienced OMRs can conduct efficient and accurate reviews of PANs regardless of search strategy.
(© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Institute of Radiology and the International Association of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: dental education; diagnosis; diagnostic imaging; eye movements; panoramic radiography
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251204 Date Completed: 20260430 Latest Revision: 20260502
Update Code: 20260502
PubMed Central ID: PMC13132168
DOI: 10.1093/dmfr/twaf087
PMID: 41343263
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: A mouse-tracking study on visualization of panoramic radiographs among Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology faculty.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lim+LZ%22">Lim LZ</searchLink>; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fong+CN%22">Fong CN</searchLink>; MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore 139691, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lee+JJY%22">Lee JJY</searchLink>; MOH Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore 139691, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cher+PH%22">Cher PH</searchLink>; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sim+YF%22">Sim YF</searchLink>; Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lee+PP%22">Lee PP</searchLink>; School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6365, United States.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Oxford+University+Press%22">Oxford University Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>7609576 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1476-542X (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%220250832X%22">0250832X </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Dentomaxillofac Radiol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: January 2024- : [Oxford] : Oxford University Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Erlangen, Germany : University Press Erlangen
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Radiography%2C+Panoramic%22">Radiography, Panoramic*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Radiography%2C+Panoramic+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Faculty%2C+Dental%22">Faculty, Dental*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Computer+Peripherals%22">Computer Peripherals*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radiology%22">Radiology</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radiology+education%22">education</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Algorithms%22">Algorithms</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives: Panoramic radiographs (PANs) are a commonly used dental imaging modality and are complex to evaluate. This study aimed to use mouse-tracking technology to identify the visualization characteristics of experienced Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology (OMR) faculty when reviewing PANs and to assess relationships with detection accuracy.<br />Methods: Seventeen OMR faculty in US dental schools with 5 to 38 years of experience were recruited. Participants were shown 17 PANs (5 "Normal" and 12 "Pathology") over Zoom and instructed to move their mouse cursor in sync with their eye movements. Data collection was based on video recordings with X, Y coordinates auto-detected using mouse-tracking algorithms. Parameters collected included detection accuracy, time taken, completeness of search coverage, revisits and search patterns used.<br />Results: Most common search patterns were Dental to Periphery (41.5%) and Periphery to Dental (37.7%). The mean accuracy score for all cases with pathology was 84.8%. Except for 2 cases with subtle findings (condylar fracture and fibrous dysplasia), mean accuracy scores ranged from 76.5% to 100%. There were no associations between search patterns and detection accuracy. Participants took longer durations and performed more complete searches with more revisits on "Normal" cases. They were more likely to use shorter search times with smaller coverage and perform single searches when correctly detecting lesions.<br />Conclusions: Experienced OMRs were able to detect lesions without scanning the entire PAN and within a single search, regardless of the search pattern used.<br />Advances in Knowledge: This is the first study using mouse-tracking algorithms to evaluate visualization characteristics on PANs. Experienced OMRs can conduct efficient and accurate reviews of PANs regardless of search strategy.<br /> (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Institute of Radiology and the International Association of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.)
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>dental education; diagnosis; diagnostic imaging; eye movements; panoramic radiography
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20251204 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260430 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260502
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