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Cortical spreading depolarizations in stroke: Mechanisms, neuroprotective interventions, and monitoring techniques.

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Τίτλος: Cortical spreading depolarizations in stroke: Mechanisms, neuroprotective interventions, and monitoring techniques.
Συγγραφείς: Díaz-Pérez A; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain., de Eulate NA; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain., Masvidal-Codina E; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain., Illa X; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain., Navarro X; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain., Guimerà-Brunet A; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain., Jiménez-Altayó F; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat., Penas C; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.
Πηγή: GeroScience [Geroscience] 2026 Apr; Vol. 48 (2), pp. 2123-2151. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 26.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer International Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101686284 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2509-2723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 25092723 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Geroscience Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Cham : Springer International Publishing, [2017]-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Cortical Spreading Depression*/physiology , Stroke*/physiopathology, Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology ; Humans ; Neuroprotection
Περίληψη: Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a pathophysiological event critically implicated in ischemic stroke and other brain disorders. It consists of slowly propagating waves of massive neuronal and glial depolarization in cerebral gray matter, accompanied by spreading depression of cortical activity. CSD disrupts ion homeostasis, alters cerebral blood flow, and contributes to neuronal death in vulnerable tissue. This comprehensive review summarizes both classic and recent studies on CSD mechanisms and their role in brain damage progression after stroke. We also review potential neuroprotective strategies to mitigate CSD-induced damage and discuss available technologies for detecting CSD. Advancing our understanding of CSD mechanisms, combined with targeted neuroprotective strategies and improved monitoring techniques, holds promise for reducing stroke-related brain injury and guiding personalized recovery approaches.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information: PID2021-126117NA-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; CNS2023-144492 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2022-140655OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2020-113634RB-C22 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PDC2023-145866-I0 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; 101130650 (META-BRAIN) European Commission; 101136541 (GphT-BCI) European Commission; CB06/01/0049 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina; CB06/05/1105 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; 2021-SGR-00495 Generalitat de Catalunya; 2021-SGR-004488 Generalitat de Catalunya; 2021-SGR-00969 Generalitat de Catalunya; CEX2023-001397-M Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Brain injury; Cortical spreading depolarization; Electrophysiology; Ischemic stroke; Neuroprotection; Spreading depression
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251126 Date Completed: 20260309 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC12972203
DOI: 10.1007/s11357-025-01988-w
PMID: 41299012
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  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Díaz-Pérez+A%22">Díaz-Pérez A</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22de+Eulate+NA%22">de Eulate NA</searchLink>; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Masvidal-Codina+E%22">Masvidal-Codina E</searchLink>; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Illa+X%22">Illa X</searchLink>; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Navarro+X%22">Navarro X</searchLink>; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guimerà-Brunet+A%22">Guimerà-Brunet A</searchLink>; Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jiménez-Altayó+F%22">Jiménez-Altayó F</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Francesc.jimenez@uab.cat.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Penas+C%22">Penas C</searchLink>; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.; Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain. Clara.Penas@uab.cat.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101686284%22">GeroScience</searchLink> [Geroscience] 2026 Apr; Vol. 48 (2), pp. 2123-2151. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Nov 26.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article; Review; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer+International+Publishing%22">Springer International Publishing </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Switzerland <i>NLM ID: </i>101686284 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2509-2723 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2225092723%22">25092723 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Geroscience <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Cham : Springer International Publishing, [2017]-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cortical+Spreading+Depression%22">Cortical Spreading Depression*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cortical+Spreading+Depression+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Stroke%22">Stroke*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Stroke+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cerebrovascular+Circulation%22">Cerebrovascular Circulation</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cerebrovascular+Circulation+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neuroprotection%22">Neuroprotection</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a pathophysiological event critically implicated in ischemic stroke and other brain disorders. It consists of slowly propagating waves of massive neuronal and glial depolarization in cerebral gray matter, accompanied by spreading depression of cortical activity. CSD disrupts ion homeostasis, alters cerebral blood flow, and contributes to neuronal death in vulnerable tissue. This comprehensive review summarizes both classic and recent studies on CSD mechanisms and their role in brain damage progression after stroke. We also review potential neuroprotective strategies to mitigate CSD-induced damage and discuss available technologies for detecting CSD. Advancing our understanding of CSD mechanisms, combined with targeted neuroprotective strategies and improved monitoring techniques, holds promise for reducing stroke-related brain injury and guiding personalized recovery approaches.<br /> (© 2025. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: PID2021-126117NA-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; CNS2023-144492 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2022-140655OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PID2020-113634RB-C22 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PDC2023-145866-I0 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; 101130650 (META-BRAIN) European Commission; 101136541 (GphT-BCI) European Commission; CB06/01/0049 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina; CB06/05/1105 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; 2021-SGR-00495 Generalitat de Catalunya; 2021-SGR-004488 Generalitat de Catalunya; 2021-SGR-00969 Generalitat de Catalunya; CEX2023-001397-M Agencia Estatal de Investigación
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Brain injury; Cortical spreading depolarization; Electrophysiology; Ischemic stroke; Neuroprotection; Spreading depression
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      – SubjectFull: Neuroprotection
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              Text: 2026 Apr
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