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Age-Invariance of the ICD-11 Maladaptive Trait Structure and Connections to Personality Pathology.

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Title: Age-Invariance of the ICD-11 Maladaptive Trait Structure and Connections to Personality Pathology.
Authors: Rossi G; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium., Diaz-Batanero C; University of Huelva, Spain., van Alphen SPJ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.; Mondriaan Mental Health Centre, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands.; Tilburg University, the Netherlands.; Maastricht University, the Netherlands., Videler AC; Tilburg University, the Netherlands.; GGz Breburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
Source: Assessment [Assessment] 2026 Oct; Vol. 33 (7), pp. 1125-1141. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 08.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Sage Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9431219 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1552-3489 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10731911 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Assessment Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Original Publication: Odessa, Fla. : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., c1994-
MeSH Terms: Personality Disorders*/diagnosis , Personality Disorders*/psychology , Personality Disorders*/classification , International Classification of Diseases*, Humans ; Female ; Aged ; Adult ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Personality Inventory ; Young Adult ; Age Factors ; Psychometrics ; Adolescent
Abstract: Abundant critiques of the categorical approach to personality disorders (PD) resulted in the launch of the 11th International Classification of Diseases dimensional (ICD-11) model. This model provides stylistic descriptions of PD expression by trait levels of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia. Earlier studies on the structure of ICD-11 maladaptive traits with the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), provided support for a four-factor solution, yet age-invariance was not examined. Assessment can be hindered by age-biased PD features. Therefore, the current study demonstrated scalar measurement invariance of the four-factor solution in a sample of 685 younger and 223 older community dwelling adults. Older adults scored significantly lower than younger adults on Negative Affectivity and Dissociality, yet the relations between PiCD trait domains and measures of personality pathology were largely comparable across age groups. These results are promising for accurate measurement of maladaptive traits across the whole adult lifespan.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: ICD-11 personality disorder model; PiCD structure; accurate assessment; age-invariance; community; maladaptive traits; personality pathology
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251009 Date Completed: 20260830 Latest Revision: 20260830
Update Code: 20260830
DOI: 10.1177/10731911251365743
PMID: 41063436
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Age-Invariance of the ICD-11 Maladaptive Trait Structure and Connections to Personality Pathology.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rossi+G%22">Rossi G</searchLink>; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Diaz-Batanero+C%22">Diaz-Batanero C</searchLink>; University of Huelva, Spain.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Alphen+SPJ%22">van Alphen SPJ</searchLink>; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.; Mondriaan Mental Health Centre, Heerlen-Maastricht, the Netherlands.; Tilburg University, the Netherlands.; Maastricht University, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Videler+AC%22">Videler AC</searchLink>; Tilburg University, the Netherlands.; GGz Breburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229431219%22">Assessment</searchLink> [Assessment] 2026 Oct; Vol. 33 (7), pp. 1125-1141. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Oct 08.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Sage+Publications%22">Sage Publications </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>9431219 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1552-3489 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210731911%22">10731911 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Assessment <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: <Mar. 2004- : Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Odessa, Fla. : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., c1994-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders%22">Personality Disorders*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders+diagnosis%22">diagnosis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders%22">Personality Disorders*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders%22">Personality Disorders*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Personality+Disorders+classification%22">classification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22International+Classification+of+Diseases%22">International Classification of Diseases*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Aged%22">Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Personality+Inventory%22">Personality Inventory</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Age+Factors%22">Age Factors</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adolescent%22">Adolescent</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Abundant critiques of the categorical approach to personality disorders (PD) resulted in the launch of the 11th International Classification of Diseases dimensional (ICD-11) model. This model provides stylistic descriptions of PD expression by trait levels of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia. Earlier studies on the structure of ICD-11 maladaptive traits with the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD), provided support for a four-factor solution, yet age-invariance was not examined. Assessment can be hindered by age-biased PD features. Therefore, the current study demonstrated scalar measurement invariance of the four-factor solution in a sample of 685 younger and 223 older community dwelling adults. Older adults scored significantly lower than younger adults on Negative Affectivity and Dissociality, yet the relations between PiCD trait domains and measures of personality pathology were largely comparable across age groups. These results are promising for accurate measurement of maladaptive traits across the whole adult lifespan.
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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  Label: Contributed Indexing
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>ICD-11 personality disorder model; PiCD structure; accurate assessment; age-invariance; community; maladaptive traits; personality pathology
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20251009 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260830 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260830
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              Text: 2026 Oct
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