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Investigating the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk muscle strength, sitting balance and function in spinal cord injury.

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Τίτλος: Investigating the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk muscle strength, sitting balance and function in spinal cord injury.
Συγγραφείς: Turoglu S; Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye., Koç SS; Physiotherapy Clinic, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye., Shehu SU; Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye., Yilmaz AE; Department of Statistics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye., Sezer N; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye., Akınoğlu B; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye.
Πηγή: The journal of spinal cord medicine [J Spinal Cord Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 49 (5), pp. 962-973. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Oct 01.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Taylor & Francis Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9504452 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-7723 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10790268 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Spinal Cord Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2016- : Abingdon : Taylor & Francis
Original Publication: Jackson Heights, NY : American Paraplegia Society, [1995-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Spinal Cord Injuries*/physiopathology , Spinal Cord Injuries*/rehabilitation , Muscle Strength*/physiology , Postural Balance*/physiology , Torso*/physiopathology , Sitting Position*, Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
Περίληψη: Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk muscle strength, sitting balance and functionality in individuals with spinal cord injury.
Methods: This study included 46 individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) at T7 or below (AIS A or B) (mean age: 38.93 ± 14.43). Spinal alignment in a sitting posture was assessed using the DIERS Formetric Functional Spine and Posture Analysis System, while trunk muscle strength was measured with the DIERS Myoline Isometric Muscle Force Analysis System. Trunk balance was evaluated using the Trunk Control Test (TCT), Function in Sitting Test (FIST), and Modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT). Functional ability and independence were assessed with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM-III).
Results: The analysis of the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk isometric muscle strength revealed a moderate positive correlation between trunk extensor strength and trunk length (rs = -0.502) and a moderate negative correlation with vertebral rotation (+max) (rs = -0.555). Also, a moderate negative correlation was found between trunk flexor strength and vertebral rotation (+max) (rs = -0.480). No correlation was found between the spinal alignment and balance and functionality.
Conclusions: This study shows that trunk extensor strength is significantly associated with spinal alignment parameters, such as vertebral rotation and trunk length, in individuals with spinal cord injury. However, no relationship was found between spinal alignment and sitting balance or functional performance. These results suggest that combining postural assessment and trunk strengthening in rehabilitation may help improve posture and mobility.
References: J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct;21(10):1371-83. (PMID: 15672628)
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016 Nov 21;29(4):817-823. (PMID: 27002667)
Spinal Cord. 2007 Apr;45(4):275-91. (PMID: 16909143)
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992 Mar;17(3):293-8. (PMID: 1566167)
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Dec;20(6):814-21. (PMID: 19883386)
J Spinal Disord. 1998 Feb;11(1):46-56. (PMID: 9493770)
Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2021;23(4):43-51. (PMID: 37341123)
J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010 Sep;34(3):150-60. (PMID: 20716989)
J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Apr;28(4):1199-207. (PMID: 27190453)
Spine Deform. 2019 Nov;7(6):923-928. (PMID: 31732003)
Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;11(3):337-44. (PMID: 27274419)
Spinal Cord. 2015 Jun;53(6):455-60. (PMID: 25665539)
Paraplegia. 1994 Apr;32(4):211-8. (PMID: 8022630)
J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Mar;27(3):951-4. (PMID: 25931767)
Orthopade. 2021 Nov;50(11):946-954. (PMID: 33721045)
Phys Ther. 1998 Feb;78(2):128-33. (PMID: 9474105)
J Spinal Cord Med. 2020 Nov;43(6):846-853. (PMID: 30998421)
J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(1):26-32. (PMID: 15832901)
Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 9;11(1):17892. (PMID: 34504207)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Sep;84(9):1276-81. (PMID: 13680561)
Eur Spine J. 2014 Jun;23(6):1177-89. (PMID: 24682355)
Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 Dec;31(4):357-60. (PMID: 15027780)
Spinal Cord. 2014 Jun;52(6):449-54. (PMID: 24710149)
Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2017 Sep 26;12:28. (PMID: 28975159)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Mar;85(3 Suppl 1):S86-92. (PMID: 15034861)
Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2023 Oct-Dec;13(4):263-265. (PMID: 38229730)
Med Probl Perform Art. 2012 Sep;27(3):159-64. (PMID: 22983134)
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Mar;42(3):413-21. (PMID: 19952811)
Am J Ind Med. 2007 Feb;50(2):92-6. (PMID: 17238134)
Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Sep 21;55(10):. (PMID: 31546613)
Eur Spine J. 2010 Nov;19(11):1824-36. (PMID: 20567858)
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jul 15;28(14):1593-600. (PMID: 12865851)
J Spinal Cord Med. 2014 Sep;37(5):537-47. (PMID: 25229736)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Sep;94(9):1766-75. (PMID: 23500182)
J Exerc Rehabil. 2021 Feb 23;17(1):45-51. (PMID: 33728288)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Postural balance; Spinal alignment; Spinal cord injuries; Trunk muscles
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251001 Date Completed: 20260918 Latest Revision: 20261001
Update Code: 20261001
PubMed Central ID: PMC13591977
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2025.2557079
PMID: 41032383
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
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DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 41032383
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Investigating the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk muscle strength, sitting balance and function in spinal cord injury.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Turoglu+S%22">Turoglu S</searchLink>; Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koç+SS%22">Koç SS</searchLink>; Physiotherapy Clinic, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shehu+SU%22">Shehu SU</searchLink>; Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yilmaz+AE%22">Yilmaz AE</searchLink>; Department of Statistics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sezer+N%22">Sezer N</searchLink>; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Akınoğlu+B%22">Akınoğlu B</searchLink>; Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229504452%22">The journal of spinal cord medicine</searchLink> [J Spinal Cord Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 49 (5), pp. 962-973. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2025 Oct 01.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Taylor+%26+Francis%22">Taylor & Francis </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>9504452 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2045-7723 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210790268%22">10790268 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Spinal Cord Med <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: 2016- : Abingdon : Taylor & Francis<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Jackson Heights, NY : American Paraplegia Society, [1995-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Spinal+Cord+Injuries%22">Spinal Cord Injuries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Spinal+Cord+Injuries+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Spinal+Cord+Injuries%22">Spinal Cord Injuries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Spinal+Cord+Injuries+rehabilitation%22">rehabilitation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Muscle+Strength%22">Muscle Strength*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Muscle+Strength+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Postural+Balance%22">Postural Balance*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Postural+Balance+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Torso%22">Torso*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Torso+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sitting+Position%22">Sitting Position*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Middle+Aged%22">Middle Aged</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk muscle strength, sitting balance and functionality in individuals with spinal cord injury.<br />Methods: This study included 46 individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) at T7 or below (AIS A or B) (mean age: 38.93 ± 14.43). Spinal alignment in a sitting posture was assessed using the DIERS Formetric Functional Spine and Posture Analysis System, while trunk muscle strength was measured with the DIERS Myoline Isometric Muscle Force Analysis System. Trunk balance was evaluated using the Trunk Control Test (TCT), Function in Sitting Test (FIST), and Modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT). Functional ability and independence were assessed with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM-III).<br />Results: The analysis of the relationship between spinal alignment and trunk isometric muscle strength revealed a moderate positive correlation between trunk extensor strength and trunk length (r<subscript>s</subscript> = -0.502) and a moderate negative correlation with vertebral rotation (+max) (r<subscript>s</subscript> = -0.555). Also, a moderate negative correlation was found between trunk flexor strength and vertebral rotation (+max) (r<subscript>s</subscript> = -0.480). No correlation was found between the spinal alignment and balance and functionality.<br />Conclusions: This study shows that trunk extensor strength is significantly associated with spinal alignment parameters, such as vertebral rotation and trunk length, in individuals with spinal cord injury. However, no relationship was found between spinal alignment and sitting balance or functional performance. These results suggest that combining postural assessment and trunk strengthening in rehabilitation may help improve posture and mobility.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct;21(10):1371-83. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215672628%22">15672628)</searchLink><br />J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016 Nov 21;29(4):817-823. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227002667%22">27002667)</searchLink><br />Spinal Cord. 2007 Apr;45(4):275-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216909143%22">16909143)</searchLink><br />Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992 Mar;17(3):293-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221566167%22">1566167)</searchLink><br />Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Dec;20(6):814-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219883386%22">19883386)</searchLink><br />J Spinal Disord. 1998 Feb;11(1):46-56. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229493770%22">9493770)</searchLink><br />Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2021;23(4):43-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237341123%22">37341123)</searchLink><br />J Neurol Phys Ther. 2010 Sep;34(3):150-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220716989%22">20716989)</searchLink><br />J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Apr;28(4):1199-207. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227190453%22">27190453)</searchLink><br />Spine Deform. 2019 Nov;7(6):923-928. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231732003%22">31732003)</searchLink><br />Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jun;11(3):337-44. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227274419%22">27274419)</searchLink><br />Spinal Cord. 2015 Jun;53(6):455-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225665539%22">25665539)</searchLink><br />Paraplegia. 1994 Apr;32(4):211-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228022630%22">8022630)</searchLink><br />J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Mar;27(3):951-4. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225931767%22">25931767)</searchLink><br />Orthopade. 2021 Nov;50(11):946-954. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233721045%22">33721045)</searchLink><br />Phys Ther. 1998 Feb;78(2):128-33. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229474105%22">9474105)</searchLink><br />J Spinal Cord Med. 2020 Nov;43(6):846-853. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230998421%22">30998421)</searchLink><br />J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(1):26-32. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215832901%22">15832901)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 9;11(1):17892. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234504207%22">34504207)</searchLink><br />Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Sep;84(9):1276-81. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2213680561%22">13680561)</searchLink><br />Eur Spine J. 2014 Jun;23(6):1177-89. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224682355%22">24682355)</searchLink><br />Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 Dec;31(4):357-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215027780%22">15027780)</searchLink><br />Spinal Cord. 2014 Jun;52(6):449-54. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224710149%22">24710149)</searchLink><br />Scoliosis Spinal Disord. 2017 Sep 26;12:28. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228975159%22">28975159)</searchLink><br />Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Mar;85(3 Suppl 1):S86-92. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215034861%22">15034861)</searchLink><br />Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2023 Oct-Dec;13(4):263-265. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238229730%22">38229730)</searchLink><br />Med Probl Perform Art. 2012 Sep;27(3):159-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222983134%22">22983134)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Mar;42(3):413-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219952811%22">19952811)</searchLink><br />Am J Ind Med. 2007 Feb;50(2):92-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217238134%22">17238134)</searchLink><br />Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Sep 21;55(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231546613%22">31546613)</searchLink><br />Eur Spine J. 2010 Nov;19(11):1824-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220567858%22">20567858)</searchLink><br />Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jul 15;28(14):1593-600. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212865851%22">12865851)</searchLink><br />J Spinal Cord Med. 2014 Sep;37(5):537-47. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225229736%22">25229736)</searchLink><br />Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Sep;94(9):1766-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223500182%22">23500182)</searchLink><br />J Exerc Rehabil. 2021 Feb 23;17(1):45-51. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233728288%22">33728288)</searchLink>
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