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Flow velocity and boundary effects on fish interaction.

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Title: Flow velocity and boundary effects on fish interaction.
Authors: Mozzi G; CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Venice, Italy. gloria.mozzi@cmcc.it.; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy. gloria.mozzi@cmcc.it., Comoglio C; Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy., Manes C; Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
Source: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2025 Aug 27; Vol. 15 (1), pp. 31585. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 27.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
MeSH Terms: Fishes*/physiology , Mass Behavior* , Behavior, Animal* , Swimming*, Hydrodynamics ; Animals ; Rivers ; Animal Migration
Abstract: How do environmental cues shape the coordination rules underlying collective motion in fish shoals? This question is crucial as freshwater migratory fish are globally declining due to river fragmentation, and collective motion is known to influence the effectiveness of fish pass solutions. However, experimental data on individual interactions and the effects of solid boundaries and hydrodynamic conditions remain limited. Adopting a reductionist approach - using fish pairs as the minimal shoal's unit - we examined how mean flow velocity and boundary proximity affect interaction dynamics in a riverine species. Towards this end, we tracked pairs of Italian riffle dace (Telestes muticellus) across three bulk flow velocities (2, 4 and 7 BL/s) and four regions in a confined open channel flow. We found shoaling time to be flow-invariant; however, fish shifted from side-by-side to in-line formations as flow increased, especially near walls. Correlation analysis revealed stronger velocity coupling at short distances (< 6 BL) that remain largely stable across flow velocities. Response times differed by coordination direction: longitudinal responses (~ 0.5 s) were flow-invariant and symmetrical between lead and rear fish, while lateral responses primarily involved the rear fish reacting to the front one, and accelerated with increasing flow. Longitudinal coordination emerged only near side walls and in the central region, whereas lateral coupling peaked in central areas and strengthened with increasing flow. These findings reveal how physical context shapes coordination in riverine fish and provide empirical insights for fish pass design and fish movement modelling.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: J R Soc Interface. 2016 Oct;13(123):. (PMID: 27798281)
J R Soc Interface. 2023 Oct;20(207):20230357. (PMID: 37876271)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 May 19;373(1746):. (PMID: 29581394)
Zebrafish. 2020 Aug;17(4):243-252. (PMID: 32513074)
Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 23;13(1):20579. (PMID: 37996569)
Sci Rep. 2024 Jun 8;14(1):13186. (PMID: 38851769)
J Environ Manage. 2023 Jun 1;335:117538. (PMID: 36848809)
J Exp Biol. 2016 Nov 1;219(Pt 21):3480-3491. (PMID: 27591311)
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019 Mar;86:1169-1176. (PMID: 30599254)
BMJ Open Sci. 2020 Jul 20;4(1):e100115. (PMID: 34095516)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18720-5. (PMID: 21795604)
J Fish Biol. 2014 May;84(5):1401-21. (PMID: 24773538)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Dec 5;114(49):13048-13053. (PMID: 29158392)
Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2014;68:1513-1520. (PMID: 25152559)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11865-70. (PMID: 20547832)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):6948-53. (PMID: 18474860)
Curr Biol. 2018 Sep 10;28(17):R976-R980. (PMID: 30205074)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 Nov 29;362(1487):1973-93. (PMID: 17472925)
Behav Processes. 2022 Nov;203:104767. (PMID: 36252852)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18726-31. (PMID: 22065759)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 5;114(36):9599-9604. (PMID: 28839092)
Phys Rev E. 2016 Apr;93:042411. (PMID: 27176333)
Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 26;11(1):5408. (PMID: 33106484)
Grant Information: 860800 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Collective behaviour; Fish interaction; Fish movement; Fish passage; Hydrodynamics
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250827 Date Completed: 20250910 Latest Revision: 20250910
Update Code: 20260130
PubMed Central ID: PMC12391387
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-13332-5
PMID: 40866392
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Mozzi+G%22&quot;&gt;Mozzi G&lt;/searchLink&gt;; CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Venice, Italy. gloria.mozzi@cmcc.it.; Ca&#39; Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy. gloria.mozzi@cmcc.it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Comoglio+C%22&quot;&gt;Comoglio C&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Manes+C%22&quot;&gt;Manes C&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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  Data: How do environmental cues shape the coordination rules underlying collective motion in fish shoals? This question is crucial as freshwater migratory fish are globally declining due to river fragmentation, and collective motion is known to influence the effectiveness of fish pass solutions. However, experimental data on individual interactions and the effects of solid boundaries and hydrodynamic conditions remain limited. Adopting a reductionist approach - using fish pairs as the minimal shoal&#39;s unit - we examined how mean flow velocity and boundary proximity affect interaction dynamics in a riverine species. Towards this end, we tracked pairs of Italian riffle dace (Telestes muticellus) across three bulk flow velocities (2, 4 and 7 BL/s) and four regions in a confined open channel flow. We found shoaling time to be flow-invariant; however, fish shifted from side-by-side to in-line formations as flow increased, especially near walls. Correlation analysis revealed stronger velocity coupling at short distances (&amp;lt; 6 BL) that remain largely stable across flow velocities. Response times differed by coordination direction: longitudinal responses (~ 0.5&#160;s) were flow-invariant and symmetrical between lead and rear fish, while lateral responses primarily involved the rear fish reacting to the front one, and accelerated with increasing flow. Longitudinal coordination emerged only near side walls and in the central region, whereas lateral coupling peaked in central areas and strengthened with increasing flow. These findings reveal how physical context shapes coordination in riverine fish and provide empirical insights for fish pass design and fish movement modelling.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2025. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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  Label: References
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  Data: J R Soc Interface. 2016 Oct;13(123):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227798281%22&quot;&gt;27798281)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J R Soc Interface. 2023 Oct;20(207):20230357. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237876271%22&quot;&gt;37876271)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 May 19;373(1746):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229581394%22&quot;&gt;29581394)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zebrafish. 2020 Aug;17(4):243-252. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232513074%22&quot;&gt;32513074)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 23;13(1):20579. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237996569%22&quot;&gt;37996569)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sci Rep. 2024 Jun 8;14(1):13186. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238851769%22&quot;&gt;38851769)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Environ Manage. 2023 Jun 1;335:117538. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236848809%22&quot;&gt;36848809)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Exp Biol. 2016 Nov 1;219(Pt 21):3480-3491. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227591311%22&quot;&gt;27591311)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019 Mar;86:1169-1176. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230599254%22&quot;&gt;30599254)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMJ Open Sci. 2020 Jul 20;4(1):e100115. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234095516%22&quot;&gt;34095516)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18720-5. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2221795604%22&quot;&gt;21795604)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Fish Biol. 2014 May;84(5):1401-21. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224773538%22&quot;&gt;24773538)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Dec 5;114(49):13048-13053. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229158392%22&quot;&gt;29158392)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2014;68:1513-1520. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2225152559%22&quot;&gt;25152559)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11865-70. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220547832%22&quot;&gt;20547832)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 13;105(19):6948-53. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2218474860%22&quot;&gt;18474860)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Curr Biol. 2018 Sep 10;28(17):R976-R980. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230205074%22&quot;&gt;30205074)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 Nov 29;362(1487):1973-93. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217472925%22&quot;&gt;17472925)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behav Processes. 2022 Nov;203:104767. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236252852%22&quot;&gt;36252852)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18726-31. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222065759%22&quot;&gt;22065759)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 5;114(36):9599-9604. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2228839092%22&quot;&gt;28839092)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Phys Rev E. 2016 Apr;93:042411. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227176333%22&quot;&gt;27176333)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 26;11(1):5408. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233106484%22&quot;&gt;33106484)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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