Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS
Συνδεδεμένο Πλήρες Κείμενο

Mental illness severity and characteristics among holocaust survivor immigrants, Non-Holocaust immigrants, and native israelis: A historical prospective study.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Mental illness severity and characteristics among holocaust survivor immigrants, Non-Holocaust immigrants, and native israelis: A historical prospective study.
Συγγραφείς: Keller S; Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical Center Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel., Savitsky B; Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel. savitskyb@gmail.com.; The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Braun School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel. savitskyb@gmail.com., Manor O; The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Braun School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel., Heresco-Levy U; Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.; Department of Psychiatry, Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel., Lichtenberg P; Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.; Department of Psychiatry, Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.; Department of Psychiatry, Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
Πηγή: Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology [Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol] 2026 Apr; Vol. 61 (4), pp. 679-689. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 21.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 8804358 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1433-9285 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09337954 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [Berlin] : Springer International, [c1988-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Holocaust*/psychology , Holocaust*/statistics & numerical data , Emigrants and Immigrants*/psychology , Emigrants and Immigrants*/statistics & numerical data , Survivors*/psychology , Survivors*/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders*/epidemiology , Mental Disorders*/psychology , Mental Disorders*/ethnology , Mental Disorders*/diagnosis , Jews*/psychology , Jews*/statistics & numerical data, Israel/epidemiology ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Adult ; Severity of Illness Index ; Aged ; Risk Factors ; Registries
Περίληψη: Introduction: Holocaust survivors were exposed to extreme trauma. More than half a million survivors immigrated to Israel over the years, as well as immigrants who didn't suffer the atrocities of the holocaust. Trauma and immigration are both risk factors for mental disorders.
Aim: To describe differences in hospitalization characteristics and to determine whether there are differences in illness severity between mentally ill Holocaust Survivor Immigrants (HSI), non-Holocaust immigrants (NHI), and Native Israelis (NI).
Methods: An unidentified list of hospitalized psychiatric patients was extracted from the Israel psychiatric case registry according to the following criteria: Jewish patients who were born in Europe or Israel before 1944 and were admitted to a psychiatric ward between 1945 and 2010. 30,539 records were divided into three groups: Holocaust Survivor Immigrants, Native Israelis, and Non-Holocaust Immigrants.
Results: The number of first hospitalizations after age 70 is significantly higher at the HSI and NHI compared to NI. A significantly higher rate of suicide attempts was observed among HSI (13.8%), compared with the NI (11.8%) and NHI (9.7%). The odds for severe mental illness were significantly higher among HSI and NHI compared to NI by 84% and 66% among patients with psychotic disorders, twofold higher, and higher by 37% among patients with affective disorders, and threefold and 2.5 times higher among patients with anxiety.
Conclusions: Exposure to the Holocaust trauma has an effect on patterns of psychiatric hospitalizations and the severity of Holocaust survivors' psychiatric illness. Immigration is an independent risk factor for severe mental illness, although its influence was less pronounced than direct Holocaust exposure. Exposure to severe trauma such as war during childhood has long-term effects on the course and severity of mental illnesses.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: All authors approve that they do not have any financial and personal relationships with other people, or organizations, that could inappropriately influence (bias) this research and this manuscript.
References: Fňašková M, Říha P, Preiss M, Bob P, Nečasová M, Koriťáková E et al Lifelong impact of extreme stress on the human brain: holocaust survivors study. Neurobiol Stress 2021;14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YNSTR.2021.100318.
Weindling P, von Villiez A, Loewenau A, Farron N (2016) The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National socialism. Endeavour 40:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENDEAVOUR.2015.10.005. (PMID: 10.1016/J.ENDEAVOUR.2015.10.00526749461)
Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Siever LJ, Binder-Brynes K, Elkin A (1997) Individual differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profiles in Holocaust survivors in concentration camps or in hiding. J Trauma Stress 10:453–463. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024845422065. (PMID: 10.1023/A:10248454220659246652)
Amit K, Litwin H (2010) The subjective well-being of immigrants aged 50 and older in Israel. Soc Indic Res 98:89. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11205-009-9519-5. (PMID: 10.1007/S11205-009-9519-5233161003541716)
Ahead of annual memorial day (2024) 147,199 Holocaust survivors living in Israel| The Times of Israel n.d. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ahead-of-annual-memorial-day-147199-holocaust-survivors-living-in-israel/.
Terno P, Barak Y, Hadjez J, Elizur A, Szor H (1998) Holocaust survivors hospitalized for life: the Israeli experience. Compr Psychiatry 39:364–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90049-9. (PMID: 10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90049-99829144)
Kuch K, Cox BJ (1992) Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of the holocaust. Am J Psychiatry 149:337–340. https://doi.org/10.1176/AJP.149.3.337. (PMID: 10.1176/AJP.149.3.3371536271)
Gu W, Zhao Q, Yuan C, Yi Z, Zhao M, Wang Z (2022) Impact of adverse childhood experiences on the symptom severity of different mental disorders: A cross-diagnostic study. Gen Psychiatr 35. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2021-100741.
Semiz UB, Inanc L, Bezgin CH (2014) Are trauma and dissociation related to treatment resistance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0787-7. (PMID: 10.1007/s00127-013-0787-724213522)
Norman RMG, Malla AK (1993) Stressful life events and schizophrenia. I: A review of the research. Br J Psychiatry 162:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1192/BJP.162.2.161. (PMID: 10.1192/BJP.162.2.1618435685)
Davis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Dean O, McEwen S et al (2016) A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 65:185. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2016.03.017. (PMID: 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2016.03.017270730494876729)
Van der Ven E (2017) The social defeat hypothesis of schizophrenia: an update. Eur Psychiatry 41:S66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.068. (PMID: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.068)
Selten J, Cantor-Graae E (2005) Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis. Tijdschr Psychiatr;47 Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J. P. (2005). Schizophrenia and migration: a meta-analysis and review. American journal of psychiatry, 162(1):12-24.‏ https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12.
Lichtenberg P, Kaplan Z, Grinshpoon A, Feldman D, Nahon D (1999) The goals and limitations of israel’s psychiatric case register. Psychiatric Serv 50. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.50.8.1043.
Holocaust Encyclopedia (2025) Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country n.d. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-losses-during-the-holocaust-by-country.
Wikipedia (2025) accessed June 7,. The Holocaust in Lithuania n.d. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania.
Yad Vashem– The World Holocaust Remembrance Center (2025) Murder of the Jews of the Balkans and Slovakia n.d. https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/fate-of-jews/balkans-and-slovakia.html.
Yad Vashem– The World Holocaust Remembrance Center (2025) Murder of Hungarian Jewry n.d. https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/fate-of-jews/hungary.html.
Croes M (2006) The holocaust in the Netherlands and the rate of Jewish survival. Holocaust Genocide Stud 20:474–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcl022. (PMID: 10.1093/hgs/dcl022)
Wikipedia (2025) accessed June 7,. The Holocaust in Russia n.d. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia.
Mikhman Dan (2007):593.
The Holocaust in Belarus. Facing History &, Ourselves (2025) accessed June 7,. n.d. https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/holocaust-belarus.
Yad Vashem– The World Holocaust Remembrance Center (2025) Italy During the Holocaust n.d. https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/italy-background-history.html.
Wikipedia, The Holocaust in Austria (2021) https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Austria&action=history (accessed June 7, 2025).
Wikipedia (2025) accessed June 7,. The Holocaust in Ukraine 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine.
Grubaugh AL, Zinzow HM, Paul L, Egede LE, Frueh BC (2011) Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with severe mental illness: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.003. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.003215960123148295)
Resnick SG, Bond GR, Mueser KT (2003) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in people with schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.415. (PMID: 10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.41512943020)
Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Goodman LA, Trumbetta SL (2002) Trauma, PTSD, and the course of severe mental illness: an interactive model. Schizophr Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00173-6. (PMID: 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00173-611728845)
Ross CA, Anderson G, Clark P (1994) Childhood abuse and the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Hosp Community Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.45.5.489. (PMID: 10.1176/ps.45.5.4898045548)
Croft J, Heron J, Teufel C, Zammitt S (2018) The relationship between childhood trauma and cognitive and perceptual biases associated with psychosis in a large UK birth cohort. Early Interv Psychiatry;12:149.
Aas M, Andreassen OA, Aminoff SR, Færden A, Romm KL, Nesvåg R et al (2016) A history of childhood trauma is associated with slower improvement rates: findings from a one-year follow-up study of patients with a first-episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0827-4. (PMID: 10.1186/s12888-016-0827-4271460444855869)
Van Heeringen K (2012) Stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior. Neurobiological Basis Suicide. https://doi.org/10.1201/b12215. (PMID: 10.1201/b12215)
Terno P, Barak Y, Hadjez J, Elizur A, Szor H (1998) Holocaust survivors hospitalized for life: the Israeli experience. Compr Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90049-9. (PMID: 10.1016/S0010-440X(98)90049-99829144)
Solomon MB, Herman JP (2009) Sex differences in psychopathology: of gonads, adrenals and mental illness. Physiol Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.033. (PMID: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.033192759064539024)
Barel E, Van IJzendoorn MH, Sagi-Schwartz A, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ (2010) Surviving the holocaust: a meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of a genocide. Psychol Bull. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020339. (PMID: 10.1037/a002033920804233)
Collins C, Burazeri G, Gofin J, Kark JD (2004) Health status and mortality in holocaust survivors living in Jerusalem 40–50 years later. J Trauma Stress. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048953.27980.18. (PMID: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048953.27980.1815633919)
Fund N, Ash N, Porath A, Shalev V, Koren G (2019) Comparison of mortality and comorbidity rates between Holocaust survivors and individuals in the general population in Israel. JAMA Netw Open 2:e186643. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6643. (PMID: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6643306461916324318)
Shrira A, Palgi Y, Ben-Ezra M, Shmotkin D (2011) Functioning and mortality of Holocaust survivors: physical resilience and psychosocial vulnerabilities. J Loss Trauma 16:67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519297. (PMID: 10.1080/15325024.2010.519297)
Sagi-Schwartz A, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Linn S, van IJzendoorn MH (2013) Against all odds: genocidal trauma is associated with longer life-expectancy of the survivors. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069179. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.00691793722177)
Youssim I, Gorfine M, Calderon-Margalit R, Manor O, Paltiel O, Siscovick DS et al (2021) Holocaust experience and mortality patterns: 4-decade follow-up in a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab021. (PMID: 10.1093/aje/kwab021335648668327196)
Mirsky J (2009) Mental health implications of migration: a review of mental health community studies on Russian-speaking immigrants in Israel. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00127-008-0430-1. (PMID: 10.1007/S00127-008-0430-118726240)
Anantapong K, Udomratn P, Ventriglio A, Pemberton M, Poulter D, Bhugra D (2024) Migration and mental health problems of older adults: challenges and proposed solutions. Indian J Psychiatry 33:S236–S241. https://doi.org/10.4103/IPJ.IPJ_29_24. (PMID: 10.4103/IPJ.IPJ_29_24)
Barak Y, Aizenberg D, Szor H, Swartz M, Maor R, Knobler HY Increased risk of attempted suicide among aging holocaust survivors. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;13. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200508000-00009.
Clarke DE, Colantonio A, Heslegrave R, Rhodes A, Links P, Conn D Holocaust experience and suicidal ideation in High-Risk older adults. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 2004;12. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200401000-00009.
Lurie I, Gur A, Haklai Z, Goldberger N (2018) Suicide risk among holocaust survivors following psychiatric hospitalizations: a historic cohort study. Arch Suicide Res 22:496–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1366377. (PMID: 10.1080/13811118.2017.136637728925807)
Lurie I, Goldberger N, Gur Orr A, Haklai Z, Mendlovic S (2022) Suicide among holocaust survivors: a national registry study. Arch Suicide Res 26:1219–1231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2020.1868366. (PMID: 10.1080/13811118.2020.186836633403930)
Akbulut-Yuksel M, Tekin E, Turan B (2022) World War II Blues: The Long–lasting Mental Health Effect of Childhood Trauma. NBER Working Papers.
Powell T, Wegmann KM, Backode E (2021) Coping and post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents after an acute onset disaster: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094865. (PMID: 10.3390/ijerph18094865349486988700847)
Mental and Social Aspects of Health of Populations Exposed to Extreme Stressors (2025) n.d. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MSD-MER-03-01.
Murthy RS, Lakshminarayana R (2006) Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings. World psychiatry, 5(1):25.‏ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1472271/. (PMID: 167579871472271)
Reynolds CF, Jeste DV, Sachdev PS, Blazer DG (2022) Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research. World Psychiatry 21:336. https://doi.org/10.1002/WPS.20996. (PMID: 10.1002/WPS.20996360737149453913)
Carlson DM, Yarns BC (2023) Managing medical and psychiatric Multimorbidity in older patients. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231195274.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Childhood trauma; Genocide; Holocaust; Immigration; Mental illness; Post-traumatic stress; Psychiatric hospitalization; Trauma; War
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250822 Date Completed: 20260326 Latest Revision: 20260329
Update Code: 20260413
PubMed Central ID: PMC13021732
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-025-02979-0
PMID: 40841836
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1433-9285
DOI:10.1007/s00127-025-02979-0