Assessment of water quality and hyperaccumulator-based purification of contaminated springs across the district Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Assessment of water quality and hyperaccumulator-based purification of contaminated springs across the district Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
Συγγραφείς:	Aziz A; Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan., Andleeb S; Microbial Biotechnology and Vermitechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan., Shafi N; Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan., Abbasi WA; Department of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, King Abdullah Campus, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
Πηγή:	Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation [Water Environ Res] 2025 Jun; Vol. 97 (6), pp. e70100.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Wiley Subscription Services on behalf of The Water Environment Foundation Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9886167 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1554-7531 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10614303 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Water Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley Subscription Services on behalf of The Water Environment Foundation Original Publication: Alexandria, VA : The Federation, c1992-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Water Purification/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Brassica rapa/metabolism , Natural Springs/chemistry , Water Quality*, Pakistan ; Metals, Heavy ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Περίληψη:	In a developing country like Pakistan, drinking water leads to health issues that spread to plants and food chains. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the quality of spring water available in different localities in Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Districts, Pakistan, and to evaluate the efficacy of phyto-hyperaccumulators, including Brassica rapa and Spinacia oleracea in the purification of spring water. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metals were analyzed. B. rapa and S. oleracea were grown to purify the contaminated spring water. The results of physicochemical parameters before hyperaccumulator treatment were recorded as temperature (14.03 ± 0.80°C to 18.76 ± 1.52°C), pH (6.5-8.5), electrical conductivity (245.0 ± 7.54 μS/cm to 365.13 ± 13.89 μS/cm), turbidity (0.6 ± 1.00 NTU to 2.6 ± 2.51 NTU), total dissolved solids (122.0 ± 1.00 ppm to 247.6 ± 3.21 ppm), biological oxygen demand (4.1 ± 0.9 mg/l to 8.06 ± 0.550 mg/l) along with the maximum levels of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr). Heavy metals constitute a serious risk to human health, according to the contamination factor, risk index, hazard quotient of potentially toxic components, and non-carcinogenic risk in spring water. After hyperaccumulator treatment, B. rapa and S. oleracea treated spring water not only declined the values of physicochemical parameters but significantly reduced the heavy metals efficiently at p < 0.001. After treatment, physicochemical parameters were recorded as pH (7.67 ± 0.58 and 7.43 ± 0.06 to 8.0 ± 0.00), temperature (12.4 ± 0.36°C to 13.2 ± 0.26°C and 12.4 ± 0.61°C to 13.27 ± 0.15°C), electrical conductivity (245.0 ± 7.54 μS/cm to 365.13 ± 13.89 μS/cm), turbidity (0.6 ± 1.0 NTU to 2.6 ± 2.51 NTU), total dissolved solids (122.0 ± 1.00 ppm to 247.6 ± 3.21 ppm), dissolved oxygen values were recorded in B. rapa (4.6 ± 0.53 mg/l to 7.9 ± 0.1 mg/l) and S. oleracea (4.53 ± 0.42 mg/l to 6.8 ± 0.7 mg/l), BOD values of B. rapa treated spring water (4.07 ± 0.85 mg/l to 4.97 ± 0.06 mg/l) and S. oleracea treated spring water (5.1 ± 0.1 mg/l to 5.13 ± 0.15 mg/l. It was observed that contaminated spring water did not affect the sprouting and growth of B. rapa compared to S. oleracea. Results revealed that B. rapa showed maximum accumulation of heavy metals compared to S. oleracea. Bioconcentration factor, remediated metal fraction (mg/kg), and planting season remediation (%) supported the efficient use of these plants as hyperaccumulators. The entire study concluded that hyperaccumulators purified and remedied heavy metals from spring water via phytoextraction (absorption and translocation), rhizofiltration (adsorption and concentration), and phytostabilization (immobilization). The environmentally favorable method for lowering contaminants and naturally purifying spring water in the future will be in situ phytoremediation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: B. rapa and S. oleracea were selected as hyperaccumulators to purify and remediate heavy metals from spring water Composition and properties of the used medium for phytoremediation are important for the contaminated water purification Utilization of plant species to reduce the heavy metals in water is commonly used nowadays Eco-friendly and cost-effective technology. (© 2025 Water Environment Federation.)
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Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Hyperaccumulators; heavy metals; physicochemical parameters; phytoremediation; spring water; water purification
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) 0 (Metals, Heavy)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20250610 Date Completed: 20250610 Latest Revision: 20250610
Update Code:	20260130
DOI:	10.1002/wer.70100
PMID:	40494398
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1554-7531
DOI:	10.1002/wer.70100