Academic Journal
Multifactorial analysis of dry eye syndrome: insights from Schirmer's test, VDT exposure, and tear film stability.
| Τίτλος: | Multifactorial analysis of dry eye syndrome: insights from Schirmer's test, VDT exposure, and tear film stability. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Mereddy S; Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. mereddysravani@gmail.com., Gunnam RP; Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India., Karedla SR; Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India., Banerjee SK; Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India., Polaki S; Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Parlakhemundi, Odisha, India. polaki.suman@cutm.ac.in. |
| Πηγή: | International ophthalmology [Int Ophthalmol] 2025 Jun 05; Vol. 45 (1), pp. 225. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 05. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Kluwer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7904294 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2630 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01655701 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Ophthalmol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Dordrecht : Kluwer Original Publication: The Hague, Junk. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Dry Eye Syndromes*/diagnosis , Dry Eye Syndromes*/etiology , Dry Eye Syndromes*/metabolism , Dry Eye Syndromes*/physiopathology , Tears*/chemistry , Tears*/metabolism , Computer Terminals*, Blinking/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Osmolar Concentration |
| Περίληψη: | Objective: The current investigation represents to examine the numerous variables that influence tear film interactions alongside the seriousness regarding dry eye through adolescents and young adults, concentrating particularly regarding the implications of broadened Visual Display Terminal (VDT) usage, sleep deprivation, and the surrounding atmosphere. The inspection encompasses essential variables which include Schirmer's Test 1 (ST1), Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), tear osmolarity, blink rate, alongside symptom severity measured by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Methods: Fifty participants (100 eyes; 33 males, 17 females), aged 18-25 years, were evaluated during morning and nocturnal phases following 5 h of VDT exposure. The purpose inspections comprised ST1, TBUT, OSS, tear osmolarity, alongside blink rate. The previously Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) has been utilised for assessing unreliable warning signs. The statistical evaluations have been performed by employing paired t-tests, Pearson correlation, alongside straight-line regression mathematical modelling. Results: ST1 values decreased significantly at night (right eye: 18.06 ± 2.49 mm; left eye: 19.02 ± 2.48 mm) compared to morning (right eye: 22.18 ± 1.95 mm; left eye: 23.70 ± 1.94 mm) (p < 0.0001). TBUT declined from 7.2 ± 1.3 to 4.8 ± 1.6 s, accompanied by a 44% reduction in blink rate. OSDI scores rose from 25.4 ± 6.2 to 42.8 ± 7.9, correlating negatively with TBUT (r = -0.69, p < 0.01). Tear osmolarity demonstrated rising levels through ailments associated with lack of moisture alongside elevated the monitor luminescence. Significant correlations have been determined between ST1, TBUT, osmolarity, alongside OSS. Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to visual display terminals (VDT) alongside inadequate sleep considerably disrupt the tear film alongside intensify the signs of dry eye. Gender-related distinctions alongside the surrounding environment, moreover influences tear dynamics. The outcomes indicate an imperative of preventative screening, ergonomic interventions, along with customised techniques for management to reduce digital eye strain while maintaining ocular surface health in communities at high risk for injury. (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Conflict of interest: All the authors of this study declare that they don’t have any kind of financial and other interests. |
| References: | Alabdulkader B (2021) Effect of digital device use during COVID-19 on digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom 104(6):698–704. (PMID: 10.1080/08164622.2021.187884333689614) Al-Mohtaseb Z, Schachter S, Shen Lee B, Garlich J, Trattler W (2021) The relationship between dry eye disease and digital screen use. Clin Ophthalmol 51:3811–3820. (PMID: 10.2147/OPTH.S321591) Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G (2019) Management of digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom 102(1):18–29. (PMID: 10.1111/cxo.1279829797453) Courtin R, Pereira B, Naughton G, Chamoux A, Chiambaretta F, Lanhers C, Dutheil F (2016) Prevalence of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6(1):e009675. (PMID: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009675267697844735196) Fjærvoll H, Fjærvoll K, Magno M, Moschowits E, Vehof J, Dartt DA, Utheim TP (2022) The association between visual display terminal use and dry eye: a review. Acta Ophthalmol 100(4):357–375. (PMID: 10.1111/aos.1504934697901) Garcia-Queiruga J, Pena-Verdeal H, Sabucedo-Villamarin B, Noya-Padin V, Giraldez MJ, Yebra-Pimentel E (2024) Influence of lifestyle factors on ocular surface parameters in relation to age. Life 14(11):1460. (PMID: 10.3390/life141114603959825811595495) John PA, Hussein A, Teo KSS (2023) Evaluation of prevalence and associated factors of dry eye syndrome among medical students exposed to visual display terminal in health campus, universiti sains Malaysia. Malaysian J Med Health Sci 19(3):45–52. https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.19.3.7. (PMID: 10.47836/mjmhs.19.3.7) Kaido M, Kawashima M, Yokoi N, Fukui M, Ichihashi Y, Kato H, Yamatsuji M, Nishida M, Fukagawa K, Kinoshita S, Tsubota K (2015) Advanced dry eye screening for visual display terminal workers using functional visual acuity measurement: the Moriguchi study. British J Ophthalmol 99(11):1488–1492. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306640. (PMID: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306640) Kamøy B, Magno M, Nøland ST, Moe MC, Petrovski G, Vehof J, Utheim TP (2022) Video display terminal use and dry eye: Preventive measures and future perspectives. Acta Ophthalmol 100(7):723–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.15081. (PMID: 10.1111/aos.15081351224039790652) Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, Singh D, Agarkar S, Hussaindeen JR, Sukhija J, Mishra D (2022) Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Therapy 11(5):1655–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9. (PMID: 10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9) Kawashima M, Yamatsuji M, Yokoi N, Fukui M, Ichihashi Y, Kato H, Nishida M, Uchino M, Kinoshita S, Tsubota K (2015) Screening of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers during occupational health examinations: the Moriguchi study. J Occup Health 57(3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0243-OA. (PMID: 10.1539/joh.14-0243-OA25752660) Kojima T, Dogru M, Kawashima M, Nakamura S, Tsubota K (2020) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 78:100842. (PMID: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100842) Kunboon A, Tananuvat N, Upaphong P, Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T (2024) Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic. Sci Rep 14(1):23986. (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-024-75345-w3940223411473963) Liu B, Jiang S, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou D, Chen Z (2022) Investigation and analysis of eye discomfort caused by video display terminal use among medical students studying at high-altitude regions. Front Public Health 10:900539. (PMID: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.900539356468019135233) Liu B, Zhou D, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen Z (2023) A survey on the degree of eye discomfort caused by video terminal use among college students in different altitudes. BMC Public Health 23(1):1209. (PMID: 10.1186/s12889-023-16004-z3734968510286401) Liu X, Dandan Zhou Y, Ren QL, Li D, Teng S, Shao F, He T, Zhou H, Yimingtuohuti N, Li J, Cheng-Wei L (2025) The influence of time spent viewing the video display terminal, sleep, anxiety and depression on the thickness of the lipid layer of the tear film. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2522-3838. (PMID: 10.1055/a-2522-38384071908712302165) Mehra D, Galor A (2020) Digital screen use and dry eye: a review. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol 9(6):491–497. https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000306. (PMID: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000306) Rungsirisangratana C, Pinsuwannabud P, Nuntapanich N, Teangkumdee S (2022) Risk Factors affecting dry eye symptoms among visual display terminal users. Indonesian J Occup Safety Health 11(3):315–322. (PMID: 10.20473/ijosh.v11i3.2022.315-322) Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS (2018) Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 3(1):e000146. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146. (PMID: 10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146299636456020759) Sheppard J, Shen Lee B, Periman LM (2023) Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists. Ann Med 55(1):241–252. (PMID: 10.1080/07853890.2022.215747736576348) Talens-Estarelles C, García-Marqués JV, Cerviño A, García-Lázaro S (2022) Determining the best management strategy for preventing short-term effects of digital display use on dry eyes. Eye Contact Lens 48(10):416–423. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000949. (PMID: 10.1097/ICL.000000000000094936155947) Tangmonkongvoragul C, Chokesuwattanaskul S, Khankaeo C, Punyasevee R, Nakkara L, Moolsan S, Unruan O (2022) Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease with associated risk factors among medical students at Chiang Mai University due to increased screen time and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 17(3):e0265733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265733. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265733353203108942203) Tauste A, Ronda E, Baste V, Bråtveit M, Moen BE, Seguí Crespo MDM (2018) Ocular surface and tear film status among contact lens wearers and non-wearers who use VDT at work: comparing three different lens types. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 91:327–335. (PMID: 10.1007/s00420-017-1283-229204707) Thatte S, Choudhary R (2020) The prevalence of dry eye in young individuals exposed to visual display terminal. Clin Ophthalmol J 1(1):1004. Tripathi A, Agarwal R, Kharya P (2022) Dry eye disease related to digital screen exposure in medical students. Pan-Am J Ophthalmol 4(1):35. (PMID: 10.4103/pajo.pajo_16_22) van Tilborg MM, Murphy PJ, Evans KS (2017) Impact of dry eye symptoms and daily activities in a modern office. Optom Vis Sci 94(6):688–693. (PMID: 10.1097/OPX.000000000000108628538336) Wang MT, Muntz A, Mamidi B, Wolffsohn JS, Craig JP (2021) Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 44(6):101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2021.101409. (PMID: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.10140933485806) Wang M, Craig JP, Vidal-Rohr M, Menduni F, Dhallu S, Ipek T, Wolffsohn JS (2022) Impact of digital screen use and lifestyle factors on dry eye disease in the paediatric population. Ocular Surface 24:64–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.003. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.00335101619) Wolffsohn JS, Lingham G, Downie LE, Huntjens B, Inomata T, Jivraj S, Craig JP (2023) TFOS Lifestyle: impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface. Ocular Surface 28:213–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2022.12.005. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.12.00537062428) Wu H, Wang Y, Dong N, Yang F, Lin Z, Shang X, Li C (2014) Meibomian gland dysfunction determines the severity of the dry eye conditions in visual display terminal workers. PLoS ONE 9(8):e105575. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105575251446384140788) Yazici A, Sari ES, Sahin G, Kilic A, Cakmak H, Ayar O, Ermis SS (2015) Change in tear film characteristics in visual display terminal users. Eur J Ophthalmol 25(2):85–89. (PMID: 10.5301/ejo.500052525363850) Yokoi N, Uchino M, Uchino Y, Dogru M, Kawashima M, Komuro A, Kinoshita S (2015) Importance of tear film instability in dry eye disease in office workers using visual display terminals: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmol 159(4):748–754. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.12.01925555800) Zaman, M. N. (2020). Studies on assessment of tear film in visual display terminal users with computer vision syndrome and non-visual display terminals (Doctoral dissertation, Chitkara University Punjab). Zhao H, Wu SN, Cheng Z, Xiao D, Shu HY, Ge QM, Shao Y (2021) Mean tear-film lipid layer thickness and video display terminal time as risk factors for abnormal blinking in children. Front Med 8:785901. (PMID: 10.3389/fmed.2021.785901) Zhao H, Wu SN, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Shu HY, Ge QM, Shao Y (2021) Video display terminal use and other risk factors for abnormal blinking in children: gender differences. BMC Ophthalmol 21:1–10. (PMID: 10.1186/s12886-021-02194-w) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Dry eye syndrome; Exposure; Ocular surface health; Schirmer’s test; Tear film breakup time; Visual display terminal |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20250605 Date Completed: 20250605 Latest Revision: 20251219 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10792-025-03597-0 |
| PMID: | 40471455 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
καταχωρήστε σχόλιο πρώτοι!