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Utilizing blood inflammatory markers in alcohol studies: Considerations and recommendations for study design, sample collection, and data analysis.

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Title: Utilizing blood inflammatory markers in alcohol studies: Considerations and recommendations for study design, sample collection, and data analysis.
Authors: Grodin EN; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Karoly H; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA., Browning BD; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA., Coleman L; Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA., Farokhnia M; Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA., Kryszak LA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Translational Analytical Core, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA., Meredith LR; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA., Squeglia LM; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: squegli@musc.edu.
Source: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews [Neurosci Biobehav Rev] 2025 Jun; Vol. 173, pp. 106142. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Apr 09.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Review
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7806090 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7528 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01497634 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: New York Ny : Pergamon Press
Original Publication: Fayetteville, N. Y., ANKHO International Inc.
MeSH Terms: Biomarkers*/blood , Research Design*/standards , Alcoholism*/blood , Alcoholism*/immunology , Inflammation*/blood , Inflammation*/immunology , Cytokines*/blood, Humans ; Data Analysis
Abstract: A large body of evidence suggests that heavy alcohol use is associated with dysregulated immune function, and that immune dysfunction in turn contributes to the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD). As such, alcohol researchers have increasingly begun to include measurements of immune function-primarily peripheral circulating cytokines-in human studies, with the goal of testing associations with clinically-relevant behavioral measures. To date, findings and implications from these studies have been inconsistent and difficult to interpret, likely due to methodological challenges related to study design and implementation. In particular, the existing literature has demonstrated sample processing concerns, differences in assay methods, limited selection of analytes, and sample selection biases, all of which may contribute to inconsistent results. We briefly review the field, discuss these and other challenges, and propose guidance for designing studies on inflammation among heavy-drinking human participants. We note that conducting such studies requires appreciable consideration and planning, and ideally should involve an interdisciplinary team of experts, including immunologists, physiologists, and technical experts in bioassays, alongside experts in the field of interest (e.g., AUD). We highlight the importance of considering participant selection, analyte selection, sample collection, sample handling and storage, and assay methods, and suggest that the field move towards standardization of procedures and reporting. We propose that undertaking these changes in study design and implementation should produce consilience in findings and aid in our overall understanding of the complex relationship between alcohol exposure and immune function.
(Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
References: Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Jan;47(1):36-44. (PMID: 36446606)
J Clin Invest. 2024 Jun 3;134(11):. (PMID: 38828729)
Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Aug;26(6):911-8. (PMID: 22521198)
Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jun;45(6):904-9. (PMID: 17210215)
Braz J Psychiatry. 2022 Aug 22;44(5):548-556. (PMID: 35995431)
Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:38-44. (PMID: 30633878)
Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Oct;23(7):887-97. (PMID: 19389469)
Int Rev Immunol. 1998;16(5-6):635-49. (PMID: 9646180)
Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Oct;97:349-364. (PMID: 34343618)
Psychiatry Res. 1998 May 8;78(3):151-61. (PMID: 9657419)
Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):237-50. (PMID: 26695748)
Cytokine. 2017 Sep;97:86-95. (PMID: 28595117)
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021 Feb;124:105069. (PMID: 33316694)
Neuropsychobiology. 1999;39(3):144-50. (PMID: 10087459)
J Immunol Methods. 1997 Feb 14;201(1):99-114. (PMID: 9032413)
PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46423. (PMID: 23110049)
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2001 Jun;47(4):695-702. (PMID: 11502077)
Alcohol. 2004 Apr;32(3):243-7. (PMID: 15282117)
Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun;100(6):1303-10. (PMID: 15929761)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Jul;47(7):1352-1363. (PMID: 37208927)
Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021 Nov 17;18:100391. (PMID: 34877552)
BMC Immunol. 2009 Sep 28;10:52. (PMID: 19785746)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Oct 21;111(42):E4485-93. (PMID: 25288760)
Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Dec;21(12):1696-1709. (PMID: 26903267)
J Periodontol. 2015 Sep;86(9):1058-68. (PMID: 26062839)
J Hepatol. 1998 May;28(5):771-7. (PMID: 9625311)
Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Mar 29;17(4):472. (PMID: 27043532)
J Leukoc Biol. 2016 Nov;100(5):1191-1199. (PMID: 27256567)
Cytokine. 2020 Jan;125:154829. (PMID: 31472404)
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Aug 1;225:108771. (PMID: 34052691)
J Immunol. 1998 Oct 15;161(8):4283-8. (PMID: 9780204)
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2024 Jan 2;45(1):38-49. (PMID: 37953614)
Cytokine. 2000 Nov;12(11):1712-6. (PMID: 11052823)
Cytokine. 2000 Sep;12(9):1437-40. (PMID: 10976010)
J Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov;34(11):1250-1260. (PMID: 32536325)
Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Nov;34:164-75. (PMID: 23999491)
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Aug;23(4):513-20. (PMID: 23434064)
Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Jun;6(3):177-195. (PMID: 33998900)
Brain Behav Immun Health. 2023 Jun 11;31:100645. (PMID: 37484196)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Jan;2(1):37-45. (PMID: 11905836)
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Feb;76:183-191. (PMID: 27951519)
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Jun 01;163:77-83. (PMID: 27068251)
Alcohol Alcohol. 2012 Jul-Aug;47(4):390-6. (PMID: 22510812)
PLoS One. 2016 Nov 10;11(11):e0165799. (PMID: 27832117)
Biomedicines. 2022 Apr 20;10(5):. (PMID: 35625687)
Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015 Mar;3(2):e00131. (PMID: 26038706)
Hepatology. 2017 Aug;66(2):575-590. (PMID: 28466561)
Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Oct;89:501-512. (PMID: 32805393)
J Immunol Methods. 1992 Aug 30;153(1-2):125-31. (PMID: 1517582)
Cytokine. 2021 Jul;143:155506. (PMID: 33846070)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997 Nov;21(8):1530-3. (PMID: 9394127)
Neuropharmacology. 2017 Aug 1;122:56-73. (PMID: 28159648)
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Jul;83(1):61-7. (PMID: 10437818)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Jun;125:208-220. (PMID: 33639179)
Cytokine. 2021 Sep;145:155458. (PMID: 33581983)
Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Apr 01;9(4):. (PMID: 33916085)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 May;35(5):782-6. (PMID: 21284666)
Alcohol. 2014 Nov;48(7):671-6. (PMID: 25262503)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 May;38(5):1301-6. (PMID: 24689518)
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Jan 01;17(1):e10-5. (PMID: 21743397)
Addiction. 2020 Dec;115(12):2257-2267. (PMID: 32533781)
Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Oct;23(5):632-8. (PMID: 21852079)
Cureus. 2024 May 2;16(5):e59522. (PMID: 38826899)
Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 10;7(1):e996. (PMID: 28072413)
Grant Information: K01 AA029712 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS; K24 AA031052 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Alcohol; Cytokines; Heavy drinking; Immune; Inflammation
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Biomarkers)
0 (Cytokines)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250411 Date Completed: 20250506 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13003697
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106142
PMID: 40216171
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Utilizing blood inflammatory markers in alcohol studies: Considerations and recommendations for study design, sample collection, and data analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Grodin+EN%22">Grodin EN</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Karoly+H%22">Karoly H</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Browning+BD%22">Browning BD</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Coleman+L%22">Coleman L</searchLink>; Department of Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Farokhnia+M%22">Farokhnia M</searchLink>; Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kryszak+LA%22">Kryszak LA</searchLink>; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Translational Analytical Core, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meredith+LR%22">Meredith LR</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Squeglia+LM%22">Squeglia LM</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: squegli@musc.edu.
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  Data: A large body of evidence suggests that heavy alcohol use is associated with dysregulated immune function, and that immune dysfunction in turn contributes to the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD). As such, alcohol researchers have increasingly begun to include measurements of immune function-primarily peripheral circulating cytokines-in human studies, with the goal of testing associations with clinically-relevant behavioral measures. To date, findings and implications from these studies have been inconsistent and difficult to interpret, likely due to methodological challenges related to study design and implementation. In particular, the existing literature has demonstrated sample processing concerns, differences in assay methods, limited selection of analytes, and sample selection biases, all of which may contribute to inconsistent results. We briefly review the field, discuss these and other challenges, and propose guidance for designing studies on inflammation among heavy-drinking human participants. We note that conducting such studies requires appreciable consideration and planning, and ideally should involve an interdisciplinary team of experts, including immunologists, physiologists, and technical experts in bioassays, alongside experts in the field of interest (e.g., AUD). We highlight the importance of considering participant selection, analyte selection, sample collection, sample handling and storage, and assay methods, and suggest that the field move towards standardization of procedures and reporting. We propose that undertaking these changes in study design and implementation should produce consilience in findings and aid in our overall understanding of the complex relationship between alcohol exposure and immune function.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Jan;47(1):36-44. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236446606%22">36446606)</searchLink><br />J Clin Invest. 2024 Jun 3;134(11):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238828729%22">38828729)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Aug;26(6):911-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222521198%22">22521198)</searchLink><br />Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jun;45(6):904-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217210215%22">17210215)</searchLink><br />Braz J Psychiatry. 2022 Aug 22;44(5):548-556. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235995431%22">35995431)</searchLink><br />Clin Biochem. 2019 Mar;65:38-44. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230633878%22">30633878)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Oct;23(7):887-97. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219389469%22">19389469)</searchLink><br />Int Rev Immunol. 1998;16(5-6):635-49. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229646180%22">9646180)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Oct;97:349-364. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234343618%22">34343618)</searchLink><br />Psychiatry Res. 1998 May 8;78(3):151-61. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229657419%22">9657419)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):237-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226695748%22">26695748)</searchLink><br />Cytokine. 2017 Sep;97:86-95. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228595117%22">28595117)</searchLink><br />Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021 Feb;124:105069. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233316694%22">33316694)</searchLink><br />Neuropsychobiology. 1999;39(3):144-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210087459%22">10087459)</searchLink><br />J Immunol Methods. 1997 Feb 14;201(1):99-114. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229032413%22">9032413)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46423. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223110049%22">23110049)</searchLink><br />Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2001 Jun;47(4):695-702. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211502077%22">11502077)</searchLink><br />Alcohol. 2004 Apr;32(3):243-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215282117%22">15282117)</searchLink><br />Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jun;100(6):1303-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215929761%22">15929761)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Jul;47(7):1352-1363. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237208927%22">37208927)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021 Nov 17;18:100391. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234877552%22">34877552)</searchLink><br />BMC Immunol. 2009 Sep 28;10:52. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219785746%22">19785746)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Oct 21;111(42):E4485-93. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229780204%22">9780204)</searchLink><br />J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2024 Jan 2;45(1):38-49. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237953614%22">37953614)</searchLink><br />Cytokine. 2000 Nov;12(11):1712-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211052823%22">11052823)</searchLink><br />Cytokine. 2000 Sep;12(9):1437-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210976010%22">10976010)</searchLink><br />J Psychopharmacol. 2020 Nov;34(11):1250-1260. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232536325%22">32536325)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Nov;34:164-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223999491%22">23999491)</searchLink><br />Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Aug;23(4):513-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223434064%22">23434064)</searchLink><br />Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Jun;6(3):177-195. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233998900%22">33998900)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun Health. 2023 Jun 11;31:100645. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237484196%22">37484196)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Immunol. 2002 Jan;2(1):37-45. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211905836%22">11905836)</searchLink><br />Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Feb;76:183-191. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227951519%22">27951519)</searchLink><br />Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Jun 01;163:77-83. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227068251%22">27068251)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Alcohol. 2012 Jul-Aug;47(4):390-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222510812%22">22510812)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2016 Nov 10;11(11):e0165799. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227832117%22">27832117)</searchLink><br />Biomedicines. 2022 Apr 20;10(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235625687%22">35625687)</searchLink><br />Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2015 Mar;3(2):e00131. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226038706%22">26038706)</searchLink><br />Hepatology. 2017 Aug;66(2):575-590. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228466561%22">28466561)</searchLink><br />Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Oct;89:501-512. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232805393%22">32805393)</searchLink><br />J Immunol Methods. 1992 Aug 30;153(1-2):125-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221517582%22">1517582)</searchLink><br />Cytokine. 2021 Jul;143:155506. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233846070%22">33846070)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997 Nov;21(8):1530-3. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229394127%22">9394127)</searchLink><br />Neuropharmacology. 2017 Aug 1;122:56-73. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228159648%22">28159648)</searchLink><br />Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Jul;83(1):61-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210437818%22">10437818)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Jun;125:208-220. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233639179%22">33639179)</searchLink><br />Cytokine. 2021 Sep;145:155458. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233581983%22">33581983)</searchLink><br />Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Apr 01;9(4):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233916085%22">33916085)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011 May;35(5):782-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221284666%22">21284666)</searchLink><br />Alcohol. 2014 Nov;48(7):671-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225262503%22">25262503)</searchLink><br />Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 May;38(5):1301-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224689518%22">24689518)</searchLink><br />Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Jan 01;17(1):e10-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221743397%22">21743397)</searchLink><br />Addiction. 2020 Dec;115(12):2257-2267. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232533781%22">32533781)</searchLink><br />Curr Opin Immunol. 2011 Oct;23(5):632-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221852079%22">21852079)</searchLink><br />Cureus. 2024 May 2;16(5):e59522. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238826899%22">38826899)</searchLink><br />Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Jan 10;7(1):e996. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228072413%22">28072413)</searchLink>
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  Data: K01 AA029712 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS; K24 AA031052 United States AA NIAAA NIH HHS
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Alcohol; Cytokines; Heavy drinking; Immune; Inflammation
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  Label: Substance Nomenclature
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  Data: 0 (Biomarkers)<br />0 (Cytokines)
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20250411 <i>Date Completed: </i>20250506 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260813
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  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260813
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  Data: PMC13003697
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106142
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 40216171
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=40216171
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106142
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 106142
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Data Analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biomarkers blood
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Research Design standards
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alcoholism blood
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Alcoholism immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflammation blood
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Inflammation immunology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cytokines blood
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Utilizing blood inflammatory markers in alcohol studies: Considerations and recommendations for study design, sample collection, and data analysis.
        Type: main
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: 2025 Jun
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1873-7528
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 173
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
              Type: main
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