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pXRF Skeletal Measurements as an Assessment Tool for Environmental Exposure to Lajes Field-Derived Contaminants (Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal).

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: pXRF Skeletal Measurements as an Assessment Tool for Environmental Exposure to Lajes Field-Derived Contaminants (Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal).
Συγγραφείς: Rodrigues F; Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal. felixrodrigues523@gmail.com.; Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal. felixrodrigues523@gmail.com., Rodrigues AF; Investigation Institute for Agrarian Technologies and Environment, University of the Azores, Rua CapitãO JoãO d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal., Matos V; Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.; Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of éVora, Évora, Portugal., Mendes A; Centre for Humanistic Studies, University of the Azores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321, Ponta Delgada, Portugal., Ferreira MT; Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
Πηγή: Biological trace element research [Biol Trace Elem Res] 2025 Nov; Vol. 203 (11), pp. 5515-5526. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Mar 20.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Humana Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7911509 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1559-0720 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01634984 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biol Trace Elem Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [London, Clifton, N. J.] Humana Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Environmental Exposure*/analysis , Environmental Monitoring*/methods , Soil Pollutants*/analysis , Bone and Bones*/chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods ; Humans ; Azores ; Male ; Female ; Portugal ; Adult
Περίληψη: Lajes Field is an Atlantic Portuguese military air base that has been used by the USA since the Cold War, primarily for intercontinental refueling. For this purpose, large fuel tanks and an extensive pipeline network were constructed within the municipality of Praia da Vitória, on Terceira Island, Azores. Over the past two decades, fuel leaks were detected and confirmed to have contaminated soils and the aquifers that supply water for public use. For the latter, identified contaminants include TPH, PAH, BTEX, VOCs, and metals. Although risk assessment reports have identified unacceptable risks to human health, and journalistic investigations suggest unusually high cancer rates, no assessment on possible human exposure has been conducted to date. To address this gap, metals, serving as a proxy for overall contamination exposure, were measured using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) in the First Identified Skeletal Collection of the Azores (CEI/Açores). A total of 64 skeletons with known places of last residence were selected (44 from Angra do Heroísmo, where no exposure risk is present, and 20 from Praia da Vitória, where risk is present). No significant differences in mean ages at death were observed between the groups, and sex distribution was similar. Additionally, soil samples from 46 graves were analyzed to assess potential diagenesis. Greater concentrations of Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Au, Mo, Sr, Sn, U, and Zr were found in individuals from Praia da Vitória (p < 0.05). Soil measurements, Pearson's correlation test, and a principal component analysis suggest that the differences in Zr and As levels can be partially attributed to diagenesis. For the remaining metals, the observed differences likely result from other factors, including potential contamination exposure, particularly for Cd, Cr, and Mo. Although this pioneering study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the subject, further research should be conducted both in the CEI/Açores and the living population to further discuss this issue.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: Front Mol Biosci. 2023 Jul 06;10:1218497. (PMID: 37484533)
Exp Suppl. 2012;101:133-64. (PMID: 22945569)
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1995 Aug;45(8):604-14. (PMID: 7664166)
Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 4;13(1):19080. (PMID: 37925586)
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 May 02;108(9):. (PMID: 27140955)
Int J Paleopathol. 2024 Mar;44:85-89. (PMID: 38176088)
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Feb;203(2):591-607. (PMID: 38691307)
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020 Aug 04;7(19):2000383. (PMID: 33042736)
J Toxicol. 2018 Dec 23;2018:4854152. (PMID: 30675155)
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024 Sep;110:104498. (PMID: 39025422)
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jan;27(1):751-760. (PMID: 31811606)
Arch Toxicol. 2025 Jan;99(1):153-209. (PMID: 39567405)
Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jun;164:113001. (PMID: 35447290)
Biomed Chromatogr. 2022 Apr;36(4):e5302. (PMID: 34935165)
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014 Mar-Apr;24(2):163-70. (PMID: 24002489)
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 May;28(18):23087-23098. (PMID: 33442806)
Oncol Lett. 2020 Feb;19(2):1331-1337. (PMID: 31966065)
Oncol Lett. 2020 Apr;19(4):2925-2933. (PMID: 32218848)
Biology (Basel). 2022 Oct 21;11(10):. (PMID: 36290445)
Environ Health. 2019 Jun 14;18(1):56. (PMID: 31200698)
Cancer Epidemiol. 2024 Oct;92:102630. (PMID: 39097499)
Environ Res. 2024 Jun 1;250:118514. (PMID: 38373545)
Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Oct;104 Suppl 5:927-32. (PMID: 8933036)
Calcif Tissue Int. 2021 Aug;109(2):231-240. (PMID: 33792736)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: CEI/Açores; Environmental contamination; Human skeletal remains; X-ray fluorescence
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Soil Pollutants)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20250320 Date Completed: 20251112 Latest Revision: 20251113
Update Code: 20260130
PubMed Central ID: PMC12602585
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04582-5
PMID: 40111681
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Lajes Field is an Atlantic Portuguese military air base that has been used by the USA since the Cold War, primarily for intercontinental refueling. For this purpose, large fuel tanks and an extensive pipeline network were constructed within the municipality of Praia da Vit&#243;ria, on Terceira Island, Azores. Over the past two decades, fuel leaks were detected and confirmed to have contaminated soils and the aquifers that supply water for public use. For the latter, identified contaminants include TPH, PAH, BTEX, VOCs, and metals. Although risk assessment reports have identified unacceptable risks to human health, and journalistic investigations suggest unusually high cancer rates, no assessment on possible human exposure has been conducted to date. To address this gap, metals, serving as a proxy for overall contamination exposure, were measured using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) in the First Identified Skeletal Collection of the Azores (CEI/A&#231;ores). A total of 64 skeletons with known places of last residence were selected (44 from Angra do Hero&#237;smo, where no exposure risk is present, and 20 from Praia da Vit&#243;ria, where risk is present). No significant differences in mean ages at death were observed between the groups, and sex distribution was similar. Additionally, soil samples from 46 graves were analyzed to assess potential diagenesis. Greater concentrations of Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Au, Mo, Sr, Sn, U, and Zr were found in individuals from Praia da Vit&#243;ria (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Soil measurements, Pearson&#39;s correlation test, and a principal component analysis suggest that the differences in Zr and As levels can be partially attributed to diagenesis. For the remaining metals, the observed differences likely result from other factors, including potential contamination exposure, particularly for Cd, Cr, and Mo. Although this pioneering study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the subject, further research should be conducted both in the CEI/A&#231;ores and the living population to further discuss this issue.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2025. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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  Data: Front Mol Biosci. 2023 Jul 06;10:1218497. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237484533%22&quot;&gt;37484533)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exp Suppl. 2012;101:133-64. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222945569%22&quot;&gt;22945569)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1995 Aug;45(8):604-14. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%227664166%22&quot;&gt;7664166)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 4;13(1):19080. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237925586%22&quot;&gt;37925586)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 May 02;108(9):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227140955%22&quot;&gt;27140955)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int J Paleopathol. 2024 Mar;44:85-89. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238176088%22&quot;&gt;38176088)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Feb;203(2):591-607. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238691307%22&quot;&gt;38691307)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020 Aug 04;7(19):2000383. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233042736%22&quot;&gt;33042736)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Toxicol. 2018 Dec 23;2018:4854152. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230675155%22&quot;&gt;30675155)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024 Sep;110:104498. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239025422%22&quot;&gt;39025422)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jan;27(1):751-760. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231811606%22&quot;&gt;31811606)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arch Toxicol. 2025 Jan;99(1):153-209. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239567405%22&quot;&gt;39567405)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jun;164:113001. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2235447290%22&quot;&gt;35447290)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biomed Chromatogr. 2022 Apr;36(4):e5302. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234935165%22&quot;&gt;34935165)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014 Mar-Apr;24(2):163-70. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224002489%22&quot;&gt;24002489)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 May;28(18):23087-23098. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233442806%22&quot;&gt;33442806)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oncol Lett. 2020 Feb;19(2):1331-1337. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231966065%22&quot;&gt;31966065)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oncol Lett. 2020 Apr;19(4):2925-2933. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232218848%22&quot;&gt;32218848)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biology (Basel). 2022 Oct 21;11(10):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236290445%22&quot;&gt;36290445)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Health. 2019 Jun 14;18(1):56. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231200698%22&quot;&gt;31200698)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cancer Epidemiol. 2024 Oct;92:102630. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239097499%22&quot;&gt;39097499)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Res. 2024 Jun 1;250:118514. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238373545%22&quot;&gt;38373545)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Oct;104 Suppl 5:927-32. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%228933036%22&quot;&gt;8933036)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Calcif Tissue Int. 2021 Aug;109(2):231-240. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233792736%22&quot;&gt;33792736)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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