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New measures to assess the "Other" three pillars of food security-availability, utilization, and stability.

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Title: New measures to assess the "Other" three pillars of food security-availability, utilization, and stability.
Authors: Calloway EE; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA. ecalloway@centerfornutrition.org., Carpenter LR; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA., Gargano T; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA., Sharp JL; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA., Yaroch AL; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA.
Source: The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity [Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act] 2023 Apr 26; Vol. 20 (1), pp. 51. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 26.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101217089 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1479-5868 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14795868 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, c2004-
MeSH Terms: Food Supply* , Diet*, Child ; Humans ; Female ; United States ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Food Security
Abstract: Background: In recent reviews of available measures, no existing measures assessed all four pillars of food security and most only assessed one or two pillars-predominantly the access pillar. The purpose of this study was to preliminarily develop novel measures of availability, utilization, and stability that are complementary to the USDA's household food security survey measure (HFSSM).
Methods: A formative phase included an expert advisory group, literature scans, and interviews with individuals experiencing food insecurity. From April-June 2021, the new measures were piloted in five states (California, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, and Washington). The cross-sectional pilot survey included the new measures (perceived limited availability, utilization barriers, and food insecurity stability), scales and items for validation (e.g., food security, and self-reported dietary and health outcomes), and demographic questions. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess dimensionality, internal consistency was assessed using Kuder-Richardson formula 21 (KR21), and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Also, a brief screener version was created for the utilization barriers measure that may be necessary for certain applications (e.g., clinical intake screening to inform referrals to assistance programs).
Results: The analytic samples (perceived limited availability (n = 334); utilization barriers (n = 428); food insecurity stability (n = 445)) were around 45 years old on average, most households had children, over two-thirds were food insecure, over three-fourths were women, and the samples were racially/ethnically diverse. All items loaded highly and unambiguously to a factor (factor loadings range 0.525-0.903). Food insecurity stability showed a four-factor structure, utilization barriers showed a two-factor structure, and perceived limited availability showed a two-factor structure. KR21 metrics ranged from 0.72 to 0.84. Higher scores for the new measures were generally associated with increased food insecurity (rhos = 0.248-0.497), except for one of the food insecurity stability scores. Also, several of the measures were associated with statistically significantly worse health and dietary outcomes.
Conclusions: The findings support the reliability and construct validity of these new measures within a largely low-income and food insecure sample of households in the United States. Following further testing, such as Confirmatory Factor Analysis in future samples, these measures may be used in various applications to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the food insecurity experience. Such work can help inform novel intervention approaches to address food insecurity more fully.
(© 2023. The Author(s).)
References: Eat Behav. 2019 Apr;33:34-39. (PMID: 30878765)
Am J Prev Med. 2018 Mar;54(3):423-429. (PMID: 29338954)
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Sep 2;14(1):118. (PMID: 28865452)
J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004 Jul-Aug;36(4):197-203. (PMID: 15544728)
BMC Public Health. 2014 Jan 18;14:53. (PMID: 24438555)
Health Educ Behav. 2015 Dec;42(6):759-68. (PMID: 25842383)
Public Health Nutr. 2015 Apr;18(5):877-92. (PMID: 24963759)
Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74. (PMID: 843571)
Arch Public Health. 2014 Dec 22;72(1):46. (PMID: 25810913)
Appetite. 2022 Dec 1;179:106288. (PMID: 36049571)
J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011 Nov-Dec;43(6):511-6. (PMID: 21840764)
Curr Nutr Rep. 2016 Mar;5(1):54-60. (PMID: 29955440)
J Nutr. 2007 Mar;137(3):533-6. (PMID: 17311935)
Matern Child Health J. 2015 May;19(5):1060-70. (PMID: 25115522)
Can J Public Health. 2006 May-Jun;97(3):214-6. (PMID: 16827410)
Public Health Nutr. 2021 Feb;24(3):536-543. (PMID: 33059779)
Am J Prev Med. 2015 Jul;49(1):50-61. (PMID: 26094227)
Am J Nephrol. 2014;39(1):27-35. (PMID: 24434743)
J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002 Jul-Aug;34(4):194-200. (PMID: 12217262)
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 Nov;120(11):1847-1858. (PMID: 32593668)
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2021 Jan;121(1):27-35. (PMID: 32958441)
Am J Public Health. 1988 Oct;78(10):1298-301. (PMID: 3421384)
Br J Nutr. 2014 May 28;111(10):1713-26. (PMID: 24621991)
J Nutr. 2006 May;136(5):1404S-1408S. (PMID: 16614437)
Prev Med. 2016 Feb;83:41-5. (PMID: 26656403)
Am J Health Promot. 2009 Mar-Apr;23(4):255-64. (PMID: 19288847)
J Nutr. 2017 Oct;147(10):1992-2000. (PMID: 28855422)
SSM Popul Health. 2019 Mar 28;7:100393. (PMID: 31016223)
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2019 Apr;32(2):143-151. (PMID: 30474895)
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Sep;65(9):1059-66. (PMID: 21559042)
Public Health Nutr. 2014 Jan;17(1):49-57. (PMID: 22958521)
Public Health Nutr. 2019 Aug;22(12):2170-2178. (PMID: 31111812)
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:193-209. (PMID: 17954670)
Psychol Bull. 1988 Mar;103(2):265-275. (PMID: 3363047)
Am J Epidemiol. 2012 May 15;175(10):1037-44. (PMID: 22273535)
Public Health Nutr. 2016 Nov;19(16):2887-2896. (PMID: 27217202)
Public Health Nutr. 2015 Aug;18(12):2220-30. (PMID: 25475559)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):. (PMID: 34574753)
J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017 Sep;54(3):368-375. (PMID: 28711752)
Int J Health Geogr. 2018 Jun 9;17(1):19. (PMID: 29885662)
Appetite. 2016 Dec 1;107:383-391. (PMID: 27567551)
J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):120-6. (PMID: 12514278)
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Aug;116(8):1266-75. (PMID: 26923712)
Am J Prev Med. 2018 Aug;55(2):205-212. (PMID: 29935945)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Aug;100(2):684-92. (PMID: 24944059)
Adv Nutr. 2013 Sep 01;4(5):481-505. (PMID: 24038241)
Am J Prev Med. 2017 Aug;53(2):264-273. (PMID: 28457747)
Public Health Nutr. 2019 Aug;22(12):2248-2259. (PMID: 31104648)
J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2939-44. (PMID: 17056826)
Public Health Nutr. 2009 Oct;12(10):1743-50. (PMID: 19105861)
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Apr;117(4):563-576. (PMID: 27727100)
J Nutr. 2010 Feb;140(2):304-10. (PMID: 20032485)
Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015 Aug;39(4):344-9. (PMID: 26094650)
Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jun;52(6):839-848. (PMID: 28526360)
Nutrients. 2020 Mar 24;12(3):. (PMID: 32213985)
J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Nov;107(11):1952-61. (PMID: 17964316)
Nutr Diet. 2018 Apr;75(2):182-192. (PMID: 29266680)
BMC Public Health. 2015 Oct 05;15:1012. (PMID: 26437719)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Availability; Food security; Four pillars; Health food access barriers; Measurement development; Stability; Utilization
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20230426 Date Completed: 20230428 Latest Revision: 20230508
Update Code: 20260130
PubMed Central ID: PMC10134599
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01451-z
PMID: 37101157
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Calloway+EE%22">Calloway EE</searchLink>; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA. ecalloway@centerfornutrition.org.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Carpenter+LR%22">Carpenter LR</searchLink>; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gargano+T%22">Gargano T</searchLink>; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sharp+JL%22">Sharp JL</searchLink>; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yaroch+AL%22">Yaroch AL</searchLink>; The Gretchen Swanson Center for Nutrition, 14301 FNB Parkway, Suite 100, Omaha, NE, 68154, USA.
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  Data: Background: In recent reviews of available measures, no existing measures assessed all four pillars of food security and most only assessed one or two pillars-predominantly the access pillar. The purpose of this study was to preliminarily develop novel measures of availability, utilization, and stability that are complementary to the USDA's household food security survey measure (HFSSM).<br />Methods: A formative phase included an expert advisory group, literature scans, and interviews with individuals experiencing food insecurity. From April-June 2021, the new measures were piloted in five states (California, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, and Washington). The cross-sectional pilot survey included the new measures (perceived limited availability, utilization barriers, and food insecurity stability), scales and items for validation (e.g., food security, and self-reported dietary and health outcomes), and demographic questions. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess dimensionality, internal consistency was assessed using Kuder-Richardson formula 21 (KR21), and convergent and discriminant validity were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Also, a brief screener version was created for the utilization barriers measure that may be necessary for certain applications (e.g., clinical intake screening to inform referrals to assistance programs).<br />Results: The analytic samples (perceived limited availability (n = 334); utilization barriers (n = 428); food insecurity stability (n = 445)) were around 45 years old on average, most households had children, over two-thirds were food insecure, over three-fourths were women, and the samples were racially/ethnically diverse. All items loaded highly and unambiguously to a factor (factor loadings range 0.525-0.903). Food insecurity stability showed a four-factor structure, utilization barriers showed a two-factor structure, and perceived limited availability showed a two-factor structure. KR21 metrics ranged from 0.72 to 0.84. Higher scores for the new measures were generally associated with increased food insecurity (rhos = 0.248-0.497), except for one of the food insecurity stability scores. Also, several of the measures were associated with statistically significantly worse health and dietary outcomes.<br />Conclusions: The findings support the reliability and construct validity of these new measures within a largely low-income and food insecure sample of households in the United States. Following further testing, such as Confirmatory Factor Analysis in future samples, these measures may be used in various applications to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the food insecurity experience. Such work can help inform novel intervention approaches to address food insecurity more fully.<br /> (© 2023. The Author(s).)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228711752%22">28711752)</searchLink><br />Int J Health Geogr. 2018 Jun 9;17(1):19. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229885662%22">29885662)</searchLink><br />Appetite. 2016 Dec 1;107:383-391. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227567551%22">27567551)</searchLink><br />J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):120-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212514278%22">12514278)</searchLink><br />J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Aug;116(8):1266-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226923712%22">26923712)</searchLink><br />Am J Prev Med. 2018 Aug;55(2):205-212. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229935945%22">29935945)</searchLink><br />Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Aug;100(2):684-92. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224944059%22">24944059)</searchLink><br />Adv Nutr. 2013 Sep 01;4(5):481-505. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224038241%22">24038241)</searchLink><br />Am J Prev Med. 2017 Aug;53(2):264-273. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228457747%22">28457747)</searchLink><br />Public Health Nutr. 2019 Aug;22(12):2248-2259. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231104648%22">31104648)</searchLink><br />J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2939-44. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217056826%22">17056826)</searchLink><br />Public Health Nutr. 2009 Oct;12(10):1743-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219105861%22">19105861)</searchLink><br />J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Apr;117(4):563-576. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227727100%22">27727100)</searchLink><br />J Nutr. 2010 Feb;140(2):304-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220032485%22">20032485)</searchLink><br />Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015 Aug;39(4):344-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226094650%22">26094650)</searchLink><br />Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jun;52(6):839-848. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228526360%22">28526360)</searchLink><br />Nutrients. 2020 Mar 24;12(3):. 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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Availability; Food security; Four pillars; Health food access barriers; Measurement development; Stability; Utilization
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      – SubjectFull: Child
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      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – SubjectFull: Food Security
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food Supply
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diet
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: New measures to assess the "Other" three pillars of food security-availability, utilization, and stability.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Calloway EE
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Carpenter LR
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gargano T
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sharp JL
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yaroch AL
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 26
              M: 04
              Text: 2023 Apr 26
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1479-5868
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 20
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity
              Type: main
ResultId 1