Academic Journal
Kimberlites reveal 2.5-billion-year evolution of a deep, isolated mantle reservoir.
| Τίτλος: | Kimberlites reveal 2.5-billion-year evolution of a deep, isolated mantle reservoir. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Woodhead J; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. jdwood@unimelb.edu.au., Hergt J; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Giuliani A; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland., Maas R; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Phillips D; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Pearson DG; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada., Nowell G; Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. |
| Πηγή: | Nature [Nature] 2019 Sep; Vol. 573 (7775), pp. 578-581. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Sep 25. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group Original Publication: London, Macmillan Journals ltd. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Earth, Planet* , Evolution, Planetary*, Radioisotopes/analysis ; Geological Phenomena |
| Περίληψη: | The widely accepted paradigm of Earth's geochemical evolution states that the successive extraction of melts from the mantle over the past 4.5 billion years formed the continental crust, and produced at least one complementary melt-depleted reservoir that is now recognized as the upper-mantle source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts1. However, geochemical modelling and the occurrence of high 3He/4He (that is, primordial) signatures in some volcanic rocks suggest that volumes of relatively undifferentiated mantle may reside in deeper, isolated regions2. Some basalts from large igneous provinces may provide temporally restricted glimpses of the most primitive parts of the mantle3,4, but key questions regarding the longevity of such sources on planetary timescales-and whether any survive today-remain unresolved. Kimberlites, small-volume volcanic rocks that are the source of most diamonds, offer rare insights into aspects of the composition of the Earth's deep mantle. The radiogenic isotope ratios of kimberlites of different ages enable us to map the evolution of this domain through time. Here we show that globally distributed kimberlites originate from a single homogeneous reservoir with an isotopic composition that is indicative of a uniform and pristine mantle source, which evolved in isolation over at least 2.5 billion years of Earth history-to our knowledge, the only such reservoir that has been identified to date. Around 200 million years ago, extensive volumes of the same source were perturbed, probably as a result of contamination by exogenic material. The distribution of affected kimberlites suggests that this event may be related to subduction along the margin of the Pangaea supercontinent. These results reveal a long-lived and globally extensive mantle reservoir that underwent subsequent disruption, possibly heralding a marked change to large-scale mantle-mixing regimes. These processes may explain why uncontaminated primordial mantle is so difficult to identify in recent mantle-derived melts. |
| Σχόλια: | Comment in: Nature. 2019 Sep;573(7775):498-499. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-02808-w.. (PMID: 31554985) |
| References: | Hofmann, A. W. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 297–314 (1988). Hofmann, A. W. in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 3 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 67–101 (Elsevier, 2014). Jackson, M. G. et al. Evidence for the survival of the oldest terrestrial mantle reservoir. Nature 466, 853–856 (2010). (PMID: 20703304) Jackson, M. G. & Carlson, R. W. An ancient recipe for flood-basalt genesis. Nature 476, 316–319 (2011). (PMID: 21796117) Pearson, D. G. et al. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature 507, 221–224 (2014). (PMID: 24622201) Nestola, F. et al. CaSiO<sub>3</sub> perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle. Nature 555, 237–241 (2018). (PMID: 29516998) Torsvik, T. H., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Webb, S. J. & Ashwal, L. D. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core–mantle boundary. Nature 466, 352–355 (2010). (PMID: 20631796) Henning, A., Kiviets, G., Kurszlaukis, S., Barton, E. Mayaga-Mikolo, F. Early Proterozoic metamorphosed kimberlites from Gabon. International Kimberlite Conference: Extended Abstracts 8, https://doi.org/10.29173/ikc3024 (2003). DePaolo, D. J. & Wasserburg, G. J. Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 249–252 (1976). Salters, V. J. M., Mallick, S., Hart, S. R., Langmuir, C. E. & Stracke, A. Domains of depleted mantle: new evidence from hafnium and neodymium isotopes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 12, Q08001 (2011). Lyubetskaya, T. & Korenaga, J. Chemical composition of the Earth’s primitive mantle and its variance: 1. Method and Results. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03211 (2007). Palme, H. & O’Neill, H. St. C. Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 3 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 1–39 (Elsevier, 2014). Trela, J. et al. The hottest lavas of the Phanerozoic and the survival of deep Archaean reservoirs. Nat. Geosci. 10, 451–456 (2017). Bouvier, A. & Boyet, M. Primitive Solar System materials and Earth share a common initial <sup>142</sup>Nd abundance. Nature 537, 399–402 (2016). (PMID: 27629644) Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J. D. & Patchett, P. J. The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of the terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273, 48–57 (2008). McDonough, W. F. & Sun, S.-S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 223–253 (1995). Workman, R. K. & Hart, S. R. Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 231, 53–72 (2005). Rudnick, R. L. & Gao, S. in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 4 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 1–51 (Elsevier, 2014). Tachibana, Y., Kaneoka, I., Gaffney, A. & Upton, B. Ocean-island basalt-like source of kimberlite magmas from West Greenland revealed by high <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratios. Geology 34, 273–276 (2006). Timmerman, S. et al. Primordial and recycled helium isotope signatures in the mantle transition zone. Science 365, 692-694 (2019). (PMID: 31416962) Chauvel, C., Lewin, E., Carpentier, M., Arndt, N. T. & Marini, J.-C. Role of recycled oceanic basalt and sediment in generating the Hf–Nd mantle array. Nat. Geosci. (2008). Porter, K. A. & White, W. M. Deep mantle subduction flux. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, Q12016 (2009). Hulett, S. R. W., Simonetti, A., Rasbury, E. T. & Hemming, N. G. Recycling of subducted crustal components into carbonatite melts revealed by boron isotopes. Nat. Geosci. 9, 904–908 (2016). Condie, K. C. Supercontinents and superplume events: distinguishing signals in the geologic record. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 146, 319–332 (2004). Maruyama, S., Santosh, M. & Zhao, D. Superplume, supercontinent, and post-perovskite: mantle dynamics and anti-plate tectonics on the core–mantle boundary. Gondwana Res. 11, 7–37 (2007). Harte, B. & Richardson, S. Mineral inclusions in diamonds track the evolution of a Mesozoic subducted slab beneath West Gondwanaland. Gondwana Res. 21, 236–245 (2012). Nowell, G. M. et al. Hf isotope systematics of kimberlite and their megacrysts: new constraints on their source regions. J. Petrol. 45, 1583–1612 (2004). van der Hilst, R. D., Widiyantoro, S. & Engdahl, E. R. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 386, 578–584 (1997). Vervoort, J. D., Plank, T. & Prytulak, J. The Hf–Nd isotopic composition of marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 5903–5926 (2011). Clement, C. R. A comparative geological study of some major kimberlite pipes in Northern Cape and Orange Free State. PhD thesis, Univ. of Cape Town (1982). Kjarsgaard, B. A., Pearson, D. G., Tappe, S., Nowell, G. M. & Dowall, D. P. Geochemistry of hypabyssal kimberlites from Lac de Gras, Canada: comparisons to a global database and applications to the parent magma problem. Lithos 112, 236–248 (2009). Le Roex, A. P., Bell, D. R. & Davis, P. Petrogenesis of group I kimberlites from Kimberley, South Africa: evidence from bulk rock geochemistry. J. Petrol. 44, 2261–2286 (2003). Heaman, L. M. & Kjarsgaard, B. A. Timing of eastern North American kimberlite magmatism: continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 178, 253–268 (2000). Eggins, S. M. et al. A simple method for the precise determination of ≥40 trace elements in geological samples by ICPMS using enriched isotope internal standardisation. Chem. Geol. 134, 311–326 (1997). Ottley, C. J., Pearson, D. G. & Irvine, G. J. in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry – Applications and Emerging Technologies (eds Holland, G. & Tanner, S. D.) 221–230 (Royal Society of Chemistry 2003). Münker, C., Weyer, S., Scherer, E. & Mezger, K. Separation of high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) and Lu from rock samples for MC-ICPMS measurements. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2, 1064 (2001). Pin, C. & Santos-Zalduegui, J. F. Sequential separation of light rare-earth elements, thorium and uranium by miniaturized extraction chromatography: application to isotopic analyses of silicate rocks. Anal. Chim. Acta 339, 79–89 (1997). Jweda, J., Bolge, L., Class, C. & Goldstein, S. L. High precision Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic compositions of USGS reference material BCR-2. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 40, 101–115 (2016). Dowall, D. P., Nowell, G. M. & Pearson, D. G. in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry – Applications and Emerging Technologies (eds Holland, G. & Tanner, S. D.) 321–337 (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003). Nowell, G. M. & Parrish, R. R. in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: the New Millennium (eds Holland, J. G. & Tanner, S. D.) 298–310 (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001). Weis, D., Kieffer, B., Maerschalk, C., Pretorius, W. & Barling, J. High-precision Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characterization of USGS BHVO-1 and BHVO-2 reference materials. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 6, Q02002 (2005). Woodhead, J., Hergt, J., Phillips, D. & Paton, C. African kimberlites revisited: in situ Sr-isotope analysis of groundmass perovskite. Lithos 112, 311–317 (2009). Griffin, W. L. et al. Emplacement ages and sources of kimberlites and related rocks in southern Africa: U-Pb ages and Sr-Nd isotopes of groundmass perovskite. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 168, 1032 (2014). Woodhead, J., Hergt, J., Giuliani, A., Phillips, D. & Maas, R. Tracking continental-scale modification of the Earth’s mantle using zircon megacrysts. Geochem. Perspect. Lett. 4, 1727 (2017). Tappe, S., Pearson, D. G., Kjarsgaard, B. A., Nowell, G. & Dowall, D. Mantle transition zone input to kimberlite magmatism near a subduction zone: origin of anomalous Nd–Hf systematics at Western Canada, Canada. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 371–372, 235–251 (2013). Odin, D.S. et al. in Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy Part 1 (ed. Odin, G. S.) 123–148 (John Wiley & Sons, 1982). Gale, A., Dalton, C. A., Langmuir, C. H., Su, Y. & Schilling, J.-G. The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14, 489–518 (2013). Vervoort, J. D. & Blichert-Toft, J. Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence from juvenile rocks through time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 533–556 (1999). Chauvel, C. et al. Constraints from loess on the Hf–Nd isotopic composition of the upper continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 388, 48–58 (2014). Scherer, E., Munker, C. & Mezger, K. Calibration of the lutetium–hafnium clock. Science 293, 683–687 (2001). (PMID: 11474108) Söderlund, U., Patchett, P. J., Vervoort, J. D. & Isachsen, C. E. The <sup>176</sup>Lu decay constant determined by Lu–Hf and U–Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219, 311–324 (2004). Lugmair, G. W. & Marti, K. Lunar initial <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd: differential evolution of the lunar crust and mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 39, 349–357 (1978). Scotese, C. R. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter http://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/ (2016). Müller, R. D. et al. Ocean basin evolution and global-scale plate reorganization events since Pangea breakup. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 44, 107–138 (2016). |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Radioisotopes) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20190927 Date Completed: 20200330 Latest Revision: 20210202 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1038/s41586-019-1574-8 |
| PMID: | 31554979 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Kimberlites reveal 2.5-billion-year evolution of a deep, isolated mantle reservoir. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Woodhead+J%22">Woodhead J</searchLink>; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. jdwood@unimelb.edu.au.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hergt+J%22">Hergt J</searchLink>; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Giuliani+A%22">Giuliani A</searchLink>; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Maas+R%22">Maas R</searchLink>; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Phillips+D%22">Phillips D</searchLink>; School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pearson+DG%22">Pearson DG</searchLink>; Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nowell+G%22">Nowell G</searchLink>; Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220410462%22">Nature</searchLink> [Nature] 2019 Sep; Vol. 573 (7775), pp. 578-581. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2019 Sep 25. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Nature+Publishing+Group%22">Nature Publishing Group </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>0410462 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1476-4687 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200280836%22">00280836 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Nature <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: London, Macmillan Journals ltd. – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Earth%2C+Planet%22">Earth, Planet*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Evolution%2C+Planetary%22">Evolution, Planetary*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radioisotopes%22">Radioisotopes</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radioisotopes+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Geological+Phenomena%22">Geological Phenomena</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: The widely accepted paradigm of Earth's geochemical evolution states that the successive extraction of melts from the mantle over the past 4.5 billion years formed the continental crust, and produced at least one complementary melt-depleted reservoir that is now recognized as the upper-mantle source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts<superscript>1</superscript>. However, geochemical modelling and the occurrence of high <superscript>3</superscript>He/<superscript>4</superscript>He (that is, primordial) signatures in some volcanic rocks suggest that volumes of relatively undifferentiated mantle may reside in deeper, isolated regions<superscript>2</superscript>. Some basalts from large igneous provinces may provide temporally restricted glimpses of the most primitive parts of the mantle<superscript>3,4</superscript>, but key questions regarding the longevity of such sources on planetary timescales-and whether any survive today-remain unresolved. Kimberlites, small-volume volcanic rocks that are the source of most diamonds, offer rare insights into aspects of the composition of the Earth's deep mantle. The radiogenic isotope ratios of kimberlites of different ages enable us to map the evolution of this domain through time. Here we show that globally distributed kimberlites originate from a single homogeneous reservoir with an isotopic composition that is indicative of a uniform and pristine mantle source, which evolved in isolation over at least 2.5 billion years of Earth history-to our knowledge, the only such reservoir that has been identified to date. Around 200 million years ago, extensive volumes of the same source were perturbed, probably as a result of contamination by exogenic material. The distribution of affected kimberlites suggests that this event may be related to subduction along the margin of the Pangaea supercontinent. These results reveal a long-lived and globally extensive mantle reservoir that underwent subsequent disruption, possibly heralding a marked change to large-scale mantle-mixing regimes. These processes may explain why uncontaminated primordial mantle is so difficult to identify in recent mantle-derived melts. – Name: Comment Label: Comments Group: Commnt Data: Comment in: Nature. 2019 Sep;573(7775):498-499. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-02808-w.. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231554985%22">31554985)</searchLink> – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Hofmann, A. W. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 297–314 (1988).<br />Hofmann, A. W. in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 3 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 67–101 (Elsevier, 2014).<br />Jackson, M. G. et al. Evidence for the survival of the oldest terrestrial mantle reservoir. Nature 466, 853–856 (2010). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220703304%22">20703304)</searchLink><br />Jackson, M. G. & Carlson, R. W. An ancient recipe for flood-basalt genesis. Nature 476, 316–319 (2011). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221796117%22">21796117)</searchLink><br />Pearson, D. G. et al. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond. Nature 507, 221–224 (2014). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224622201%22">24622201)</searchLink><br />Nestola, F. et al. CaSiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle. Nature 555, 237–241 (2018). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229516998%22">29516998)</searchLink><br />Torsvik, T. H., Burke, K., Steinberger, B., Webb, S. J. & Ashwal, L. D. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core–mantle boundary. Nature 466, 352–355 (2010). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220631796%22">20631796)</searchLink><br />Henning, A., Kiviets, G., Kurszlaukis, S., Barton, E. Mayaga-Mikolo, F. Early Proterozoic metamorphosed kimberlites from Gabon. International Kimberlite Conference: Extended Abstracts 8,  https://doi.org/10.29173/ikc3024 (2003).<br />DePaolo, D. J. & Wasserburg, G. J. Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 249–252 (1976).<br />Salters, V. J. M., Mallick, S., Hart, S. R., Langmuir, C. E. & Stracke, A. Domains of depleted mantle: new evidence from hafnium and neodymium isotopes. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 12, Q08001 (2011).<br />Lyubetskaya, T. & Korenaga, J. Chemical composition of the Earth’s primitive mantle and its variance: 1. Method and Results. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03211 (2007).<br />Palme, H. & O’Neill, H. St. C. Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 3 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 1–39 (Elsevier, 2014).<br />Trela, J. et al. The hottest lavas of the Phanerozoic and the survival of deep Archaean reservoirs. Nat. Geosci. 10, 451–456 (2017).<br />Bouvier, A. &amp; Boyet, M. Primitive Solar System materials and Earth share a common initial &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;Nd abundance. Nature 537, 399–402 (2016). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227629644%22">27629644)</searchLink><br />Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J. D. & Patchett, P. J. The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of the terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273, 48–57 (2008).<br />McDonough, W. F. & Sun, S.-S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 120, 223–253 (1995).<br />Workman, R. K. & Hart, S. R. Major and trace element composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 231, 53–72 (2005).<br />Rudnick, R. L. & Gao, S. in Treatise on Geochemistry, 2nd edn, Vol. 4 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. T.) 1–51 (Elsevier, 2014).<br />Tachibana, Y., Kaneoka, I., Gaffney, A. &amp; Upton, B. Ocean-island basalt-like source of kimberlite magmas from West Greenland revealed by high &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He/&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He ratios. Geology 34, 273–276 (2006).<br />Timmerman, S. et al. Primordial and recycled helium isotope signatures in the mantle transition zone. Science 365, 692-694 (2019). (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231416962%22">31416962)</searchLink><br />Chauvel, C., Lewin, E., Carpentier, M., Arndt, N. T. & Marini, J.-C. Role of recycled oceanic basalt and sediment in generating the Hf–Nd mantle array. Nat. Geosci. (2008).<br />Porter, K. A. & White, W. M. Deep mantle subduction flux. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, Q12016 (2009).<br />Hulett, S. R. W., Simonetti, A., Rasbury, E. T. & Hemming, N. G. Recycling of subducted crustal components into carbonatite melts revealed by boron isotopes. Nat. Geosci. 9, 904–908 (2016).<br />Condie, K. C. Supercontinents and superplume events: distinguishing signals in the geologic record. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 146, 319–332 (2004).<br />Maruyama, S., Santosh, M. & Zhao, D. Superplume, supercontinent, and post-perovskite: mantle dynamics and anti-plate tectonics on the core–mantle boundary. Gondwana Res. 11, 7–37 (2007).<br />Harte, B. & Richardson, S. Mineral inclusions in diamonds track the evolution of a Mesozoic subducted slab beneath West Gondwanaland. Gondwana Res. 21, 236–245 (2012).<br />Nowell, G. M. et al. Hf isotope systematics of kimberlite and their megacrysts: new constraints on their source regions. J. Petrol. 45, 1583–1612 (2004).<br />van der Hilst, R. D., Widiyantoro, S. & Engdahl, E. R. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 386, 578–584 (1997).<br />Vervoort, J. D., Plank, T. & Prytulak, J. The Hf–Nd isotopic composition of marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 5903–5926 (2011).<br />Clement, C. R. A comparative geological study of some major kimberlite pipes in Northern Cape and Orange Free State. 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Sci. 44, 107–138 (2016). – Name: NumberCAS Label: Substance Nomenclature Group: ID Data: 0 (Radioisotopes) – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20190927 <i>Date Completed: </i>20200330 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20210202 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260130 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1038/s41586-019-1574-8 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 31554979 |
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