Academic Journal
Improvement of sampling strategies for randomly distributed hotspots in soil applying a computerized simulation considering the concept of uncertainty.
| Title: | Improvement of sampling strategies for randomly distributed hotspots in soil applying a computerized simulation considering the concept of uncertainty. |
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| Authors: | Hildebrandt T; Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany. Thom.Hildebrandt@uni-jena.de, Pick D, Einax JW |
| Source: | Environmental science and pollution research international [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int] 2012 Feb; Vol. 19 (2), pp. 372-8. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 Jul 21. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9441769 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1614-7499 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09441344 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: <2013->: Berlin : Springer Original Publication: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed |
| MeSH Terms: | Computer Simulation*, Environmental Monitoring/*methods , Environmental Pollution/*analysis , Soil Pollutants/*analysis, Environmental Restoration and Remediation/methods ; Confidence Intervals ; Uncertainty |
| Abstract: | Introduction: The pollution of soil and environment as a result of human activity is a major problem. Nowadays, the determination of local contaminations is of interest for environmental remediation. These hotspots can have various toxic effects on plants, animals, humans, and the whole ecological system. However, economical and juridical consequences are also possible, e.g., high costs for remediation measures. Materials and Methods: In this study three sampling strategies (simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling) were applied on randomly distributed hotspot contaminations to prove their efficiency in term of finding hotspots. The results were used for the validation of a computerized simulation. Results and Conclusion: This application can simulate the contamination on a field, the sampling pattern, and a virtual sampling. A constant hit rate showed that none of the sampling patterns could reach better results than others. Furthermore, the uncertainty associated with the results is described by confidence intervals. It is to be considered that the uncertainty during sampling is enormous and will decrease slightly, even the number of samples applied was increased to an unreasonable amount. It is hardly possible to identify the exact number of randomly distributed hotspot contaminations by statistical sampling. But a range of possible results could be calculated. Depending on various parameters such as shape and size of the area, number of hotspots, and sample quantity, optimal sampling strategies could be derived. Furthermore, an estimation of bias arising from sampling methodology is possible. The developed computerized simulation is an innovative tool for optimizing sampling strategies in terrestrial compartments for hotspot distributions. |
| References: | Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Dec 15;35(24):4910-5. (PMID: 11775170) Environ Pollut. 2004 May;129(1):113-24. (PMID: 14749075) |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Soil Pollutants) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20110812 Date Completed: 20120312 Latest Revision: 20211020 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11356-011-0568-3 |
| PMID: | 21833633 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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