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Sustainable Production and First‐Principles Evaluation of Kapok Oil Methyl Esters as an Alternative Diesel Fuel.

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Title: Sustainable Production and First‐Principles Evaluation of Kapok Oil Methyl Esters as an Alternative Diesel Fuel.
Authors: Subashini, J.1 (AUTHOR), Senthilkumar, T.2 (AUTHOR), Dhas, S. Sahaya Jude3 (AUTHOR) judedhas@gmail.com
Source: Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (JAOCS). Jul2026, Vol. 103 Issue 7, p675-683. 9p.
Subject Terms: *Biodiesel fuels industry, Biodiesel fuels, Transesterification, Sustainability, Automobile engine performance, Diesel fuels, Oxidation, Fuel quality
Company/Entity: American Society for Testing Materials
Abstract: This study proposes the acid‐catalyzed pretreatment followed by alkaline‐catalyzed transesterification technique for the successful production and characterization of kapok oil methyl ester (biodiesel), and demonstrates its potential as a viable feedstock due to its high free fatty acid (FFA) content. The entire procedure was systematically monitored to determine the optimum conditions for biodiesel production. The biodiesel yield depends on the type of alcohol used, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the type and concentration of catalyst, reaction time, and the water content of the oils and fats. The viscosity of kapok methyl ester (KME) was reduced by approximately 85% compared to raw kapok seed oil. The flash and fire points of KME are higher than those of conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, the calorific value, cetane number, and other fuel properties of KME are comparable to those of diesel. The oxidative stability of KME was found to be 12.3 h, which is higher than the specified values in ASTM D6751. This indicates greater resistance to oxidation, improved storage stability, longer shelf life, and a lower risk of deposit formation. These results validate kapok seed oil as a sustainable, nonedible, and affordable feedstock for the generation of biodiesel. Further research on engine performance, emission profiles, and long‐term stability is suggested in order to confirm KME's viability for practical energy applications. It has been established that the KME satisfies the fuel characteristics requirements, making it a highly appropriate substitute for diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (JAOCS) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Sustainable Production and First‐Principles Evaluation of Kapok Oil Methyl Esters as an Alternative Diesel Fuel.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Subashini%2C+J%2E%22">Subashini, J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Senthilkumar%2C+T%2E%22">Senthilkumar, T.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dhas%2C+S%2E+Sahaya+Jude%22">Dhas, S. Sahaya Jude</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> judedhas@gmail.com</i>
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodiesel+fuels+industry%22">Biodiesel fuels industry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biodiesel+fuels%22">Biodiesel fuels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transesterification%22">Transesterification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Automobile+engine+performance%22">Automobile engine performance</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diesel+fuels%22">Diesel fuels</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oxidation%22">Oxidation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fuel+quality%22">Fuel quality</searchLink>
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: This study proposes the acid‐catalyzed pretreatment followed by alkaline‐catalyzed transesterification technique for the successful production and characterization of kapok oil methyl ester (biodiesel), and demonstrates its potential as a viable feedstock due to its high free fatty acid (FFA) content. The entire procedure was systematically monitored to determine the optimum conditions for biodiesel production. The biodiesel yield depends on the type of alcohol used, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the type and concentration of catalyst, reaction time, and the water content of the oils and fats. The viscosity of kapok methyl ester (KME) was reduced by approximately 85% compared to raw kapok seed oil. The flash and fire points of KME are higher than those of conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, the calorific value, cetane number, and other fuel properties of KME are comparable to those of diesel. The oxidative stability of KME was found to be 12.3 h, which is higher than the specified values in ASTM D6751. This indicates greater resistance to oxidation, improved storage stability, longer shelf life, and a lower risk of deposit formation. These results validate kapok seed oil as a sustainable, nonedible, and affordable feedstock for the generation of biodiesel. Further research on engine performance, emission profiles, and long‐term stability is suggested in order to confirm KME's viability for practical energy applications. It has been established that the KME satisfies the fuel characteristics requirements, making it a highly appropriate substitute for diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (JAOCS) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/aocs.70088
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 9
        StartPage: 675
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biodiesel fuels industry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biodiesel fuels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transesterification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Automobile engine performance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diesel fuels
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fuel quality
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: American Society for Testing Materials
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Sustainable Production and First‐Principles Evaluation of Kapok Oil Methyl Esters as an Alternative Diesel Fuel.
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            NameFull: Subashini, J.
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            NameFull: Senthilkumar, T.
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          Name:
            NameFull: Dhas, S. Sahaya Jude
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 103
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            – TitleFull: Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (JAOCS)
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