Academic Journal

Effect of plasticity on fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures.

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Τίτλος: Effect of plasticity on fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures.
Συγγραφείς: Yilboga, Esra1 (AUTHOR) yilbogaesra@gmail.com, Karakan, Eyyub2 (AUTHOR) eyyubkarakan@kilis.edu.tr, Yildiz, Ozgur3 (AUTHOR) ozgur.yildiz@yildiz.edu.tr, Cabalar, Ali Firat1 (AUTHOR) cabalar@gantep.edu.tr
Πηγή: Acta Geotechnica. Sep2026, p1-20. 20p.
Θεματικοί όροι: *Material plasticity, *Soil testing, *Geotechnical engineering, *Clay minerals, *Clay soils, *Soil compaction, *Random forest algorithms, *Shear strength
Γεωγραφικοί όροι: Kahramanmaras (Türkiye)
Περίληψη: This paper presents the effects of plasticity index on the fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures, thereby providing insight into their geotechnical performance under different conditions. Two types of clay with different mineralogical composition were used in the experimental study, which are: (i) a low plasticity clay sample (PI = 11) quarried from the city center of Kahramanmaras, severely damaged by the 2023 Türkiye earthquakes, and (ii) a commercially sourced bentonite clay with high plasticity (PI = 98). Both clays were separately mixed with a well-graded sand, at the clay content varying from 0 to 100% in 10% increments, by dry weight. Standard compaction, Casagrande as well as fall cone tests were performed on the prepared specimens. The specimens behave one way up to a specific water content, and another beyond that threshold for the specimens prepared with both clay types; hence, a novel two-zone framework to analyze the fall cone testing results has been proposed for the first time. Furthermore, a random forest model was also developed to predict the undrained shear strength of the specimens. The model exhibited strong predictive performance by achieving a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.91) that indicates successful agreement between the predicted and actual values, along with a low root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.9071, reflecting its accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s11440-026-03143-x
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Effect of plasticity on fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yilboga%2C+Esra%22">Yilboga, Esra</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> yilbogaesra@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Karakan%2C+Eyyub%22">Karakan, Eyyub</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> eyyubkarakan@kilis.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yildiz%2C+Ozgur%22">Yildiz, Ozgur</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ozgur.yildiz@yildiz.edu.tr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cabalar%2C+Ali+Firat%22">Cabalar, Ali Firat</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> cabalar@gantep.edu.tr</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Acta+Geotechnica%22">Acta Geotechnica</searchLink>. Sep2026, p1-20. 20p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Material+plasticity%22">Material plasticity</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+testing%22">Soil testing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geotechnical+engineering%22">Geotechnical engineering</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clay+minerals%22">Clay minerals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Clay+soils%22">Clay soils</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Soil+compaction%22">Soil compaction</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Random+forest+algorithms%22">Random forest algorithms</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Shear+strength%22">Shear strength</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Kahramanmaras+%28Türkiye%29%22">Kahramanmaras (Türkiye)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper presents the effects of plasticity index on the fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures, thereby providing insight into their geotechnical performance under different conditions. Two types of clay with different mineralogical composition were used in the experimental study, which are: (i) a low plasticity clay sample (PI = 11) quarried from the city center of Kahramanmaras, severely damaged by the 2023 Türkiye earthquakes, and (ii) a commercially sourced bentonite clay with high plasticity (PI = 98). Both clays were separately mixed with a well-graded sand, at the clay content varying from 0 to 100% in 10% increments, by dry weight. Standard compaction, Casagrande as well as fall cone tests were performed on the prepared specimens. The specimens behave one way up to a specific water content, and another beyond that threshold for the specimens prepared with both clay types; hence, a novel two-zone framework to analyze the fall cone testing results has been proposed for the first time. Furthermore, a random forest model was also developed to predict the undrained shear strength of the specimens. The model exhibited strong predictive performance by achieving a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.91) that indicates successful agreement between the predicted and actual values, along with a low root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.9071, reflecting its accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s11440-026-03143-x
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Kahramanmaras (Türkiye)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Material plasticity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geotechnical engineering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Clay minerals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Clay soils
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil compaction
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Random forest algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Shear strength
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effect of plasticity on fall cone testing of sand–clay mixtures.
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            NameFull: Yilboga, Esra
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            NameFull: Karakan, Eyyub
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            NameFull: Yildiz, Ozgur
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            NameFull: Cabalar, Ali Firat
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          Dates:
            – D: 17
              M: 09
              Text: Sep2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-print
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