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Modelling, simulation and optimization of a continuous multistage torrefaction reactor with a separator for the torrefaction process using mustard husk.

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Title: Modelling, simulation and optimization of a continuous multistage torrefaction reactor with a separator for the torrefaction process using mustard husk.
Authors: Dadhich, Shiv Prakash1,2 (AUTHOR) 19pmm003@lnmiit.ac.in, Khatri, Kamal Kishore1,2 (AUTHOR) kk.khatri@lnmiit.ac.in, Makkar, Mohit1 (AUTHOR) mohit.makkar@lnmiit.ac.in, Singh, Mandeep2,3 (AUTHOR) mandeep.singh@uem.edu.in
Source: Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry. Jul2026, Vol. 151 Issue 16, p13355-13373. 19p.
Subject Terms: *Continuous flow reactors, *Machine separators, *Mathematical optimization, *Lignocellulose, *Mustard, *Energy density, *Charcoal
Abstract: Renewable biomass energy represents a diversity of energy sources that maintain the equilibrium of different ecosystems. However, one of the biggest obstacles to using agricultural waste biomass like mustered husk as a cellulosic feedstock is the low bulk density, high moisture content, storage degradation, and poor energy density of raw lignocellulose biomass. Biomass torrefaction has been recognised as a technically feasible method for converting raw biomass into green torrefied charcoal, with a high-energy density and lower oxygen-to-carbon ratio. The developed technology continuous multistage torrefaction reactor enhances the torrefaction method, which has a rotary drum with modified blades (RDMB) and a solid gas cyclone separator (SGCS) to separate the torrefaction gas from the torrefied charcoal. ANSYS Fluent was used to simulate and optimise the continuous multistage torrefaction reactor. The optimised parameters of the torrefaction process, such as velocity, blade angle, temperature and residence time, were 0.8 RPM, 20°, 543 K and 20 min, respectively. The separation efficiency of SGCS was 100% for particle sizes from 0.5 mm and above. It was also observed that green charcoal powder is 0.5 to 2 mm, indicating that SGCS could be an alternative to conventional separation processes. This research shows overall significant effect on torrefaction process in terms of mass and energy yield and torrefied charcoal properties, such as calorific value, moisture, volatile content, and ash content are 61%, 92%, 4896 Kcal kg−1, 2%, 20% and 16%, respectively. Thus, the present work significantly improves the continuous torrefaction process with the continuous separation of torrefied charcoal and torrefaction gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10973-026-15892-8
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Modelling, simulation and optimization of a continuous multistage torrefaction reactor with a separator for the torrefaction process using mustard husk.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dadhich%2C+Shiv+Prakash%22">Dadhich, Shiv Prakash</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> 19pmm003@lnmiit.ac.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Khatri%2C+Kamal+Kishore%22">Khatri, Kamal Kishore</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> kk.khatri@lnmiit.ac.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Makkar%2C+Mohit%22">Makkar, Mohit</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mohit.makkar@lnmiit.ac.in</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singh%2C+Mandeep%22">Singh, Mandeep</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mandeep.singh@uem.edu.in</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Thermal+Analysis+%26+Calorimetry%22">Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 151 Issue 16, p13355-13373. 19p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Continuous+flow+reactors%22">Continuous flow reactors</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Machine+separators%22">Machine separators</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+optimization%22">Mathematical optimization</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Lignocellulose%22">Lignocellulose</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mustard%22">Mustard</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+density%22">Energy density</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Charcoal%22">Charcoal</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Renewable biomass energy represents a diversity of energy sources that maintain the equilibrium of different ecosystems. However, one of the biggest obstacles to using agricultural waste biomass like mustered husk as a cellulosic feedstock is the low bulk density, high moisture content, storage degradation, and poor energy density of raw lignocellulose biomass. Biomass torrefaction has been recognised as a technically feasible method for converting raw biomass into green torrefied charcoal, with a high-energy density and lower oxygen-to-carbon ratio. The developed technology continuous multistage torrefaction reactor enhances the torrefaction method, which has a rotary drum with modified blades (RDMB) and a solid gas cyclone separator (SGCS) to separate the torrefaction gas from the torrefied charcoal. ANSYS Fluent was used to simulate and optimise the continuous multistage torrefaction reactor. The optimised parameters of the torrefaction process, such as velocity, blade angle, temperature and residence time, were 0.8 RPM, 20°, 543 K and 20 min, respectively. The separation efficiency of SGCS was 100% for particle sizes from 0.5 mm and above. It was also observed that green charcoal powder is 0.5 to 2 mm, indicating that SGCS could be an alternative to conventional separation processes. This research shows overall significant effect on torrefaction process in terms of mass and energy yield and torrefied charcoal properties, such as calorific value, moisture, volatile content, and ash content are 61%, 92%, 4896 Kcal kg−1, 2%, 20% and 16%, respectively. Thus, the present work significantly improves the continuous torrefaction process with the continuous separation of torrefied charcoal and torrefaction gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10973-026-15892-8
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 19
        StartPage: 13355
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Continuous flow reactors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Machine separators
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mathematical optimization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lignocellulose
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mustard
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Charcoal
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Modelling, simulation and optimization of a continuous multistage torrefaction reactor with a separator for the torrefaction process using mustard husk.
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            NameFull: Dadhich, Shiv Prakash
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            NameFull: Khatri, Kamal Kishore
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            NameFull: Makkar, Mohit
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            NameFull: Singh, Mandeep
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            – D: 31
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry
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