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Transition between Acceleration-Dominated and Magnetospheric Modulation Regimes of Cosmic Rays.

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Τίτλος: Transition between Acceleration-Dominated and Magnetospheric Modulation Regimes of Cosmic Rays.
Συγγραφείς: Kozak, L. V.1,2 (AUTHOR) gutovska@ukr.net, Mylka, O. Yu.1 (AUTHOR), Petrenko, B. A.1,2 (AUTHOR), Kondratenko, P. M.1 (AUTHOR)
Πηγή: Kinematics & Physics of Celestial Bodies. Aug2026, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p135-140. 6p.
Θεματικοί όροι: *Cosmic rays, *Magnetosphere, *Particle acceleration, *Neutron counters, *Solar energetic particles, *Geomagnetic variations
Περίληψη: A comparative analysis of three ground level enhancement (GLE) events—GLE69 (January 20, 2005), GLE71 (May 17, 2012), and GLE72 (September 10–11, 2017)—using hourly integral proton fluxes from GOES (>10, >30, >60 MeV) and 5-min data from high-latitude neutron monitors (Apatity, Oulu, South Pole) is presented. Assuming a power-law integral spectrum, we reconstructed the temporal evolution of the effective spectral index and event amplitude, and extrapolated the spectra to GeV energies. The 2005 event is characterized by a very hard spectrum (γ ≈ 1.5) and a dominant GeV component, whereas the 2012 and 2017 events exhibit softer spectra (γ = 2.0–2.3) and significantly smaller ground-level amplitudes. To quantify the role of the magnetospheric state, variations of the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity Rc were parameterized using the Dst index. We find that cutoff modulation plays a minor role in GLE69, becomes comparable to the intrinsic event amplitude in GLE71, and approaches a controlling factor under near-threshold conditions in GLE72. Using the analytical scaling, it is demonstrated that the Earth's magnetosphere may act as a nonlinear amplifier of transient particle fluxes, with the efficiency of this mechanism increasing for softer spectra. The results define a physical framework describing the transition between acceleration-dominated, mixed, and cutoff-modulated regimes, providing a basis for the classification and interpretation of GLE events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Βάση Δεδομένων: Academic Search Index
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  Data: Transition between Acceleration-Dominated and Magnetospheric Modulation Regimes of Cosmic Rays.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kozak%2C+L%2E+V%2E%22">Kozak, L. V.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> gutovska@ukr.net</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mylka%2C+O%2E+Yu%2E%22">Mylka, O. Yu.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Petrenko%2C+B%2E+A%2E%22">Petrenko, B. A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kondratenko%2C+P%2E+M%2E%22">Kondratenko, P. M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Kinematics+%26+Physics+of+Celestial+Bodies%22">Kinematics & Physics of Celestial Bodies</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 42 Issue 4, p135-140. 6p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cosmic+rays%22">Cosmic rays</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetosphere%22">Magnetosphere</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particle+acceleration%22">Particle acceleration</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neutron+counters%22">Neutron counters</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+energetic+particles%22">Solar energetic particles</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geomagnetic+variations%22">Geomagnetic variations</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: A comparative analysis of three ground level enhancement (GLE) events—GLE69 (January 20, 2005), GLE71 (May 17, 2012), and GLE72 (September 10–11, 2017)—using hourly integral proton fluxes from GOES (>10, >30, >60 MeV) and 5-min data from high-latitude neutron monitors (Apatity, Oulu, South Pole) is presented. Assuming a power-law integral spectrum, we reconstructed the temporal evolution of the effective spectral index and event amplitude, and extrapolated the spectra to GeV energies. The 2005 event is characterized by a very hard spectrum (γ ≈ 1.5) and a dominant GeV component, whereas the 2012 and 2017 events exhibit softer spectra (γ = 2.0–2.3) and significantly smaller ground-level amplitudes. To quantify the role of the magnetospheric state, variations of the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity Rc were parameterized using the Dst index. We find that cutoff modulation plays a minor role in GLE69, becomes comparable to the intrinsic event amplitude in GLE71, and approaches a controlling factor under near-threshold conditions in GLE72. Using the analytical scaling, it is demonstrated that the Earth's magnetosphere may act as a nonlinear amplifier of transient particle fluxes, with the efficiency of this mechanism increasing for softer spectra. The results define a physical framework describing the transition between acceleration-dominated, mixed, and cutoff-modulated regimes, providing a basis for the classification and interpretation of GLE events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=asx&AN=195366070
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3103/S0884591326040033
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 6
        StartPage: 135
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Cosmic rays
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetosphere
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Particle acceleration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neutron counters
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar energetic particles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Geomagnetic variations
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Transition between Acceleration-Dominated and Magnetospheric Modulation Regimes of Cosmic Rays.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Kozak, L. V.
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            NameFull: Mylka, O. Yu.
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            NameFull: Petrenko, B. A.
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            NameFull: Kondratenko, P. M.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 42
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