The effect of warmth and competence as stereotypical leadership perceptions on occupational well-being and behavioral loyalty of hospital employees: An empirical analysis.

Συγγραφείς: Mueller MS; Faculty of Economic and Behavioural Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany., Malone C; Office of the President and Founder, Fidelum Health and Fidelum Partners, Wayne, PA, USA., Lindenmeier J; Faculty of Economic and Behavioural Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany., Erden Z; Winterthur Institute of Health Economics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur, Switzerland., Liberatore F; Winterthur Institute of Health Economics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Winterthur, Switzerland.

Πηγή: Health services management research [Health Serv Manage Res] 2026 Aug; Vol. 39 (3), pp. 116-128. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 11.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Sage Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8811549 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1758-1044 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09514848 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Health Serv Manage Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Personnel, Hospital*/psychology , Leadership* , Personnel Loyalty* , Job Satisfaction* , Professional Competence*, Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Psychological Well-Being ; Middle Aged ; Organizational Culture ; Working Conditions

Servant leadership, job commitment, and resource satisfaction as predictors of teachers' quality of work life in Peruvian basic education.

Συγγραφείς: Turpo-Chaparro JE; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Educación, Universidad Peruana Unión, 15464, Lima, Peru. Electronic address: josuetc@upeu.edu.pe., Murillo-Antón WS; Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Peruana Unión, 15464, Lima, Peru., Apaza-Tarqui EE; Instituto de Datos e Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Benavides 5440, Urb. Las Gardenias, Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru., Huanca-López SR; Facultad de Negocios, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Av. Petit Thouars 116, Lima, 15046, Peru.

Πηγή: Acta psychologica [Acta Psychol (Amst)] 2026 Aug; Vol. 268, pp. 107217. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 08.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: North Holland Publishing Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0370366 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6297 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00016918 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Psychol (Amst) Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Quality of Life*/psychology , School Teachers*/psychology , Leadership* , Job Satisfaction* , Personal Satisfaction* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Peru ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged

Perceived red tape and occupational commitment among primary care physicians: a mixed-methods study of the mediating role of public service motivation.

Συγγραφείς: Chang H; School of Public Administration, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.

Πηγή: Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2026 Jul 08; Vol. 14, pp. 1855480. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 08 (Print Publication: 2026).

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Frontiers Editorial Office Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101616579 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2296-2565 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22962565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Physicians, Primary Care*/psychology , Motivation* , Personnel Loyalty* , Job Satisfaction*, Humans ; China ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Primary Health Care

The Relationship Between Achievement Goal Orientation and Nurse Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment.

Συγγραφείς: Zhao P; School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China., Li J; School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China., Li H; Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China., Su S; School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China., Zhou X; School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China.

Πηγή: Nursing open [Nurs Open] 2026 Jul; Vol. 13 (7), pp. e70650.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101675107 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2054-1058 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20541058 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nurs Open Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Personnel Turnover*/statistics & numerical data , Nursing Staff, Hospital*/psychology , Goals* , Intention* , Organizational Objectives* , Job Satisfaction* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; China ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Adult ; Organizational Culture

Classification of somatization symptoms based on latent profile analysis: The differential mediating role of psychological capital in organizational commitment.

Συγγραφείς: Yang Y; School of Educational Science, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, 473061, China., Li Y; School of Chinese Language and Literature, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China., Zhao S; School of Educational Science, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, 473061, China., Zhang Q; Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China. Electronic address: zhangqihan@tjnu.edu.cn.

Πηγή: Acta psychologica [Acta Psychol (Amst)] 2026 Jul; Vol. 267, pp. 107065. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 20.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: North Holland Publishing Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0370366 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6297 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00016918 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Psychol (Amst) Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Somatoform Disorders*/psychology , Somatoform Disorders*/classification , Workplace*/psychology , Personnel Loyalty* , Organizational Culture*, Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mediation Analysis

Psychological contracts and retention strategies in Malaysia: A Delphi study on contract and permanent employment.

Συγγραφείς: Wu C; Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia., Wider W; Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia. Electronic address: walton.wider@newinti.edu.my., Lee SY; Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia., Triman A; Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia., Wu D; Faculty of Psychology, Shinawatra University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.

Πηγή: Acta psychologica [Acta Psychol (Amst)] 2026 Jul; Vol. 267, pp. 107016. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 11.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: North Holland Publishing Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0370366 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6297 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00016918 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Psychol (Amst) Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Employment*/psychology , Workplace*/psychology , Contracts* , Organizational Culture* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Malaysia ; Delphi Technique ; Job Security ; Female ; Male ; Working Conditions ; Adult

Effects of Perceived Management Care and Job Embeddedness on Organizational Commitment Among Registered Clinical Nurses: A Latent Profile Analysis.

Συγγραφείς: Gong Z; School of Nursing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.; Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macau, China., Chen D; School of Nursing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China., Huang Y; School of Nursing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China., Wu Y; School of Nursing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China., Jin H; School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Πηγή: The journal of nursing research : JNR [J Nurs Res] 2026 Jun 01; Vol. 34 (3), pp. e459. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 01.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: China (Republic : 1949- ) NLM ID: 101128757 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1948-965X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16823141 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Nurs Res Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Nursing Staff, Hospital*/psychology , Job Satisfaction* , Personnel Loyalty* , Organizational Culture* , Perception*, Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Adult ; Female ; Male ; China ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Middle Aged

Exploring the Theory of Employee Planned Behavior: Job Satisfaction as a Key to Organizational Performance.

Συγγραφείς: Hemsworth D; School of Business, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada., Muterera J; School of Business, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada., Khorakian A; School of Business, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada., Garcia-Rivera BR; Faculty of Administrative and Social Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico.

Πηγή: Psychological reports [Psychol Rep] 2026 Apr; Vol. 129 (2), pp. 1584-1615. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 07.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: SAGE Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0376475 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1558-691X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00332941 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychol Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Employment*/psychology , Job Satisfaction* , Organizational Culture* , Psychological Theory* , Personnel Loyalty* , Work Performance*, Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; United States ; Middle Aged

Organizational commitment and ostracism in schools: The mediating role of chaotic leadership in crises.

Συγγραφείς: Gorgulu D; Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye. Electronic address: denizgorgulu@hacettepe.edu.tr., Comert M; Inonu University, Malatya, Turkiye. Electronic address: melike.comert@inonu.edu.tr., Fayda-Kinik FS; Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkiye. Electronic address: kinik@itu.edu.tr.

Πηγή: Acta psychologica [Acta Psychol (Amst)] 2026 Apr; Vol. 264, pp. 106395. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 18.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: North Holland Publishing Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0370366 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-6297 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00016918 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Psychol (Amst) Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): School Teachers*/psychology , Schools*/organization & administration , Leadership* , Earthquakes* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Syria

Workplace flexibility and turnover intentions in hospitality: Sequential role of work-family conflict, well-being, and commitment.

Συγγραφείς: Zhang R; School of Marxism, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China.

Πηγή: Work (Reading, Mass.) [Work] 2026 Apr; Vol. 83 (4), pp. 1198-1211. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Nov 18.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: SAGE Publications Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9204382 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1875-9270 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10519815 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Work Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Personnel Turnover*/statistics & numerical data , Workplace*/psychology , Workplace*/standards , Intention* , Work-Life Balance* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Female ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pakistan ; Job Satisfaction ; Middle Aged ; Organizational Culture

Technology-based sports training informed workshops and physical education teachers' job satisfaction, commitment, and self-determined motivation.

Συγγραφείς: Tian H; School of Physical Education, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan, China., Liu Q; Zhoukou Polytechnic, Zhoukou, China., Wang Q; School of Physical Education, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, China. qingleiwang@163.com.

Πηγή: BMC psychology [BMC Psychol] 2026 Mar 26; Vol. 14 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 26.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101627676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7283 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507283 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Physical Education and Training*/methods , School Teachers*/psychology , Motivation* , Job Satisfaction* , Sports* , Personal Autonomy* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Male ; China ; Middle Aged

Caring for Vulnerable Patients: Examining Job Satisfaction as a Mediator Between Perceived Stigma and Organizational Commitment.

Συγγραφείς: Ali EA; Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., El-Sayed MM; Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia., Zoromba MA; College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia., Amin SM; Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia., Dawood SS; Gerontological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Ibrahim AMA; Gerontological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt., Hamzaa HG; Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.; Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia., Gabal SAA; Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt., Khedr MA; Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Πηγή: International nursing review [Int Nurs Rev] 2026 Mar; Vol. 73 (1), pp. e70143.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7808754 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1466-7657 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00208132 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Nurs Rev Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Nursing Staff, Hospital*/psychology , Job Satisfaction* , Social Stigma* , Attitude of Health Personnel* , Personnel Loyalty*, Workplace/psychology ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Egypt ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Organizational Culture

Lessons from Chinese AI Firms on Owning Customers' Habits.

Συγγραφείς: Cui, Yuanyuan Gina¹, van Esch, Patrick¹, Kietzmann, Jan²

Πηγή: Harvard Business Review Digital Articles. 6/18/2026, p1-13. 13p.

Θεματικοί όροι: *Loyalty, *Competitive advantage in business, *Digital platforms, *Artificial intelligence, *Consumer behavior, *Customer loyalty, Chinese corporations

Εταιρία/Οντότητα: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.

Off the shelf, still on their minds? Comprehending consumer responses to brand deletion.

Συγγραφείς: Shah, Purvi¹ (AUTHOR), Loiacono, Eleanor T.² (AUTHOR), Wilson, E. Vance³ (AUTHOR)

Πηγή: Journal of Brand Strategy. Summer2026, Vol. 15 Issue 1, p43-58. 16p.

Θεματικοί όροι: *Brand loyalty, *Customer retention, *Consumer behavior, *Product management, Communication strategies, Emotions

Effect of organization care on knowledge hiding: the chain mediating role of organization-based self-esteem and employee loyalty.

Συγγραφείς: Yang Y; School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, 339 Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.; School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, No.100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200234, China., Luo S; School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, No.100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200234, China., Li X; School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, No.100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200234, China., Hou L; School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, No.100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200234, China.; Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Ministry of Education of P.R China, Shanghai, China., Nie H; School of Foreign Language Studies, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, No.333, Longteng Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 201618, China. niehui@sues.edu.cn., Pan G; Lab for Educational Big Data and Policymaking, Ministry of Education of P.R China, Shanghai, China. andypan@shnu.edu.cn.; College of Continuing Education, Shanghai Normal University, No.100, Guilin Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200234, China. andypan@shnu.edu.cn.

Πηγή: BMC psychology [BMC Psychol] 2026 Feb 16; Vol. 14 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 16.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101627676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7283 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507283 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Self Concept* , Organizational Culture* , Personnel Loyalty* , Knowledge*, Humans ; China ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Middle Aged

Stop AI from Eroding Your Brand.

Συγγραφείς: Lyons, Sean, Oteh, Ndidi, Bellin, Joshua

Πηγή: Harvard Business Review Digital Articles. 7/16/2026, p1-9. 9p.

Θεματικοί όροι: *Reputational risk, *Brand loyalty, *Customer experience, *Product management, *Corporate culture, Digital technology

The relationship of flexible working arrangements on work-family conflict, work-life balance and organizational commitment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Συγγραφείς: Çivilidağ A; Literary Faculty, Department of Psychology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye., Durmaz Ş; Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye. serifedurmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr.

Πηγή: BMC psychology [BMC Psychol] 2026 Feb 28; Vol. 14 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 28.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Meta-Analysis

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101627676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7283 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507283 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Work Schedule Tolerance*/psychology , Employment*/psychology , Work-Life Balance* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Role Conflict ; Working Conditions

Motivation as a catalyst for innovation amidst organizational commitment: a PLS-SEM multi-group analysis of health science educators.

Συγγραφείς: Almalki MS; College of Nursing, Taif University, Taif City, Saudi Arabia. msmalki@tu.edu.sa.

Πηγή: BMC medical education [BMC Med Educ] 2026 Feb 16; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 16.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088679 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6920 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726920 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Med Educ Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Motivation* , Organizational Innovation* , Personnel Loyalty*, Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Saudi Arabia ; Latent Class Analysis ; Academia ; Female ; Male

Context-based leadership and organizational culture in schools: the mediating roles of organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

Συγγραφείς: Özkul R; Faculty of Education, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye. ramazanozkul4427@gmail.com.

Πηγή: BMC psychology [BMC Psychol] 2026 Feb 12; Vol. 14 (1), pp. 251. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 12.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101627676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7283 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507283 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): School Teachers*/psychology , Schools*/organization & administration , Leadership* , Job Satisfaction* , Organizational Culture* , Personnel Loyalty*, Humans ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Male ; Adult

Relationships of Transformational and Paternalistic Leadership Styles With Follower Needs, Multidimensional Work Motivations and Organizational Commitment: A Mediated Model.

Συγγραφείς: Çivit S; Department of Management, G. Brint Ryan College of Business, University of North, Texas, Texas, TX, USA., Göncü-Köse A; Department of Psychology, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey.

Πηγή: Psychological reports [Psychol Rep] 2026 Feb; Vol. 129 (1), pp. 633-660. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 23.

Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article

Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: SAGE Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0376475 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1558-691X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00332941 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychol Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Employment*/psychology , Motivation* , Leadership* , Paternalism* , Personnel Loyalty* , Organizational Culture*, Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Personal Autonomy